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Caldera Yachting Santorini

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Santorini Caldera Classic Cruise with BBQ on Board and Open Bar

Santorini Caldera Sunset Traditional Cruise with Meal and Drinks

Santorini Caldera Panorama Winter Cruise All Inclusive

Santorini Caldera Gold Sunset Cruise with BBQ on board and Open Bar

Santorini Caldera Day Traditional Cruise with Meal and Drinks

Most Recent: Reviews ordered by most recent publish date in descending order.

Detailed Reviews: Reviews ordered by recency and descriptiveness of user-identified themes such as waiting time, length of visit, general tips, and location information.

Caldera Yachting Santorini - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (2024) - Tripadvisor

Caldera Yachting Santorini

• See all photos

Santorini Caldera Classic Cruise with BBQ on Board and Open Bar

Santorini Caldera Sunset Traditional Cruise with Meal and Drinks

Santorini Caldera Panorama Winter Cruise All Inclusive

Santorini Caldera Gold Sunset Cruise with BBQ on board and Open Bar

Santorini Caldera Day Traditional Cruise with Meal and Drinks

Most Recent: Reviews ordered by most recent publish date in descending order.

Detailed Reviews: Reviews ordered by recency and descriptiveness of user-identified themes such as waiting time, length of visit, general tips, and location information.

Caldera Yachting Santorini - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (2024)

Caldera Yachting Santorini

• See all photos

Santorini Caldera Classic Cruise with BBQ on Board and Open Bar

Santorini Caldera Sunset Traditional Cruise with Meal and Drinks

Santorini Caldera Panorama Winter Cruise All Inclusive

Santorini Caldera Gold Sunset Cruise with BBQ on board and Open Bar

Santorini Caldera Day Traditional Cruise with Meal and Drinks

Most Recent: Reviews ordered by most recent publish date in descending order.

Detailed Reviews: Reviews ordered by recency and descriptiveness of user-identified themes such as waiting time, length of visit, general tips, and location information.

Caldera Yachting Santorini - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (2024)

• Santorini Private Cruises
• Semi Private Cruises
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Caldera Private Cruise

Caldera private traditional, private panorama winter cruise.

Caldera Yachting Santorini

• See all photos

Santorini Caldera Classic Cruise with BBQ on Board and Open Bar

Santorini Caldera Sunset Traditional Cruise with Meal and Drinks

Santorini Caldera Panorama Winter Cruise All Inclusive

Santorini Caldera Gold Sunset Cruise with BBQ on board and Open Bar

Santorini Caldera Day Traditional Cruise with Meal and Drinks

Most Recent: Reviews ordered by most recent publish date in descending order.

Detailed Reviews: Reviews ordered by recency and descriptiveness of user-identified themes such as waiting time, length of visit, general tips, and location information.

CALDERA YACHTING SANTORINI (Fira) - All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go

Make every moment outside the office count!

Sailing the Caldera in Santorini

“A rough day at sea is better than any day at the office.”

If you are anything like us, our vision of Santorini, Greece included bright blue waters and cliffside living.  The towns are scattered on the edge of the cliffs facing the rich blue waters of the Aegean Sea.  What makes Santorini so unique is that a caldera has formed which helps to create the basis for the cliffside towns.  Quick geography lesson on calderas, they are essentially a volcanic crater that is formed when the magma is emptied from a volcano chamber and collapses.  Anyone else find that to be as cool as me?

Santorini has plenty of opportunities to get a bird’s eye view of the caldera!  We outlined some of our favorite lodging options here  which offer a natural viewing option for the caldera in Santorini.  We always like to see areas from various vantage points therefore, we decided to explore Santorini from the water as well!

We chose to book with Santorini Sailing , not only do they offer small group sailings but they pride themselves on the culinary experience as well.  The best of both worlds for us!

Included in the rate is a roundtrip transfer from your hotel.  We were transported to the Vlihada Marina in a comfortable, air conditioned van.  The marina offers a few shops to explore while we waited to sail.

We chose to book the 5 hour Sailing Catamaran Tour of the Caldera in Santorini.  Their sailing fleet offers 3 boats, we were on the Blue Lagoon but you really can’t go wrong.  I am sure service and food are the same on both!  Here is one of the other boat options, the Dream Catcher.

After departing the marina, we sailed past the red rock beach.

It was really interesting to learn about the variety of rocks that form the island. Can you see the red tint to the rocks? No surprise this beach is named red beach.

Soon after we set sail, we were offered beverages.  A glass of wine and this view of the caldera in Santorini?  I was in heaven.

The staff was extremely friendly and offered to take photos for us along the way.

Once we set sail, the rock formations were instantly intriguing as the colors really varied.  We did not appreciate this difference from above.

Our first stop was for a swim! As usual, Brian was eager to jump in the water.

After about 45 minutes of swimming, it was time to make our way to the next stop.  We were headed to the island in the middle of the caldera.

It was time for more swimming as our lunch was prepared.  This was a unique stop in that as you got closer to the rock, a natural hot spring was formed due to the thermal activity.  Word of caution, there is a lot of sulfur as you get closer to the rocks.  Either don’t swim there or be prepared for an orange tinted swimsuit when you are done!

It was time for lunch…..let me just say this is where Santorini Sailing sets itself apart from any other sailing trips we have experienced.  The cuisine is amazing that was prepared on-board this catamaran!

We were served fresh calamari, seafood pasta, a vegetarian dish and greek salad.  Fresh bread, wine and beer were free flowing as well.  To top it off, we ended the meal with Ouzo!  Absolutely worth the price when you consider all these inclusions!

With our bellies full, it was definitely time to relax before heading back.

Overall the views were quite different than we experienced from above.  We had a great appreciation for the various rock formations and how the caldera was formed by getting down in the water!

Overall we highly recommend seeing the caldera from a different perspective.  Santorini Sailing is highly recommended.  As of May 2016, their advertised rates are €165 per person.  When you include the roundtrip transfer and hearty meal(plus drinks), it is worth every penny!

Have you been to Santorini? What was your favorite spot to view the caldera in Santorini?

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Your sailing excursion around Santorini looks heavenly. This is definitely something that’s on my travel bucket list! Gorgeous photos too 🙂

Santorini has long been on my travel list and I have been reading experiences of others there. Enjoyed the sailing experience that you shared. Thanks for sharing it at #WeekendWanderlust

So stinking COOL! We were there a year ago and decided not to do a caldera boat tour since the weather turned crappy on the day we had earmarked for it. So sad! BUT Santorini is one of the few places that I KNOW we have to return to – probably for a wedding anniversary! #WeekendWanderlust

What a wonderful experience! Looks like you guys had some amazing views and an incredible day!

Wow. I am so jealous! This looks like a magical day. Clear blue waters, delicious seafood and best of all sailing. I’m dying to learn to sail and until then I’ll jump on a boat any chance I get. Looks like you had a wonderful day.

So pleased you got out on the water. For me, my time in Santorini would not have been complete without getting out into the caldera (and yes you are right, is it a cool geographical phenomenon! We went to the places you did on two separate trips. A sailing boat took us to the thermal springs, to climb the volcano, Tharassia and to Oia and then we got a smaller boat to the White/Red/Black Beach. I remember though seeing the Dreamcatcher (think I have a photo actually) and thinking how nice it would be on there ! Lucky you to experience that! Great memories, thanks for sharing your time there. #weekendwanderlust

Looks like a wonderful adventure. Great pictures. I Definatly want to get out on the water should I get to Santorini. Thanks for sharing 😎.

Santorini is very much on my list to visit and this sailing tour sounds like a great way to learn about the destination and enjoy the beautiful surroundings

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Caldera Santorini: Discover all there is to know about this breathtaking gem

• What is the caldera of Santorini
• The geology of Santorini
• How to explore the caldera
• A brief history of the Santorini caldera
• Mythology, legends & facts about the caldera
• The impact on tourism
• Caldera of Santo rini is a great destination for those who love an active vacation
• Conclusion for the Santorini caldera

What does caldera mean in Greek?

How deep is the santorini caldera, where is the caldera in santorini, how to get to santorini caldera, which is the most popular spot in caldera.

There is no place quite like the c aldera of Santorini , a true marvel of nature that has captivated visitors for centuries. Formed by a massive volcanic eruption over thousands of years ago, the caldera is a vast crater stretching for miles along the island’s west coast. Today, it is a destination that attracts people from all over the world, drawn by its unique beauty and fascinating history. 

As you stand atop the Santorini caldera edge , looking out over the vast expanse of the sea and sky, you’ll feel as if you’ve been transported to another world. Its rugged cliffs, painted in red, orange, and gold hues, plunge dramatically into the azure waters below. Keep reading to learn all about this awe-inspiring gem.

Santorini is a volcanic island, so you might wonder, “ What is a caldera actually?” . A caldera is a large crater that forms after an explosion or collapse of land during an eruption. 

It’s caused when magma rises through the earth and erupts through the surface, creating lava flows and ash deposits. Caldera is also the Spanish word for cauldron, meaning “deep pot!”

The Santorini caldera is the largest in Europe and one of the five largest in the world! It covers about 25 square kilometers (about 10 square miles), making it twice as big as Manhattan Island in New York City!

Santorini, Greece , is an active volcanic island in the southern Aegean Sea and one of the world’s youngest islands. It was formed through a volcanic eruption that occurred approximately 3,600 years ago. 

The volcano is still active today and can be seen from most places on Santorini. The active crater of Nea Kameni island is about 2 km wide and has walls over 300 meters high at their highest points, and can be visited through boat tours. As volcanologists monitor its activity and warn, why miss the chance to see it?

With our Santorini tours , of course! 

Experience live the Santorini caldera in an exclusive small group or private  tour!

Check out our Santorini day tours to discover the best option for you and your company.

And also, check out various food & wine tours that give you the best taste of the island!

Private transfers: We suggest utilizing an online pre-booked transfer service that offers transfers by taxi, minibus, or private VIP vehicle, as well as arranging a pickup straight from your hotel. We are in a happy position to arrange that for you!

Vehicle rental: You may hire a car and deliver it to your hotel. The caldera, as well as many other areas of interest, may then be visited. We are also in a happy position to arrange that for you!

All settlements with caldera views may be reached by bus from Fira’s central station. Please keep in mind that timetables may vary depending on the season. Always check the official schedules.

The caldera Santorini results from a massive volcanic eruption in the 16th century BC. The island still has active volcano craters today, which you can see from your hotel room or from one of the many walking trails surrounding it. The caldera was formed in a single eruption that lasted for two weeks and is 4 km wide and 2 km deep!

The island of Santorini is steeped in mythology and legend. The most famous of these legends is that of the sirens , who lured sailors to their death with their beautiful songs.

Another tale tells of a lost city called Atlantis that was destroyed by earthquakes and tidal waves, leaving behind only its name and legend as evidence that it once existed. Several experts say that the best place to hunt for answers to the legendary tale of Atlantis is none other than Santorini. 

There are also stories about how the Minotaur was imprisoned in a labyrinth beneath Crete until he was slain by Theseus (who escaped from his labyrinth).

Regardless of how many disastrous eruptions have happened in the past, the residents have never given up. Santorini’s communities have been meticulously rebuilt after each big eruption or earthquake that destroyed the island’s old settlements!

The caldera has been a popular tourist destination for years. It’s a UNESCO World Heritage Site, attracting hikers, bikers, and water lovers alike.

You can spend your whole vacation on the caldera, but if you have only a few days to explore this ancient place, here are some suggestions:

• Hike up to visit the villages at the top of Santorini’s cliffs (Fira and Oia)

They offer stunning views over the volcano crater itself! You’ll feel like flying over an ocean of white houses that all look similar but different simultaneously.

• Go diving into the deep blue waters of South Coast beach, or check out one of many great restaurants nearby

Where locals hang out during their free time between work shifts in nearby hotels or restaurants owned by family members, including ours!

• Visit Imerovigli, Firostefani and Oia

They offer panoramic sea views. The charming towns are located on the caldera’s highest point and are claimed to have the greatest views in Santorini.

In truth, Imerovigli was formerly an observation point, and a Venetian stronghold was built there.

Currently, Imerovigli has a few cafés and restaurants where you may eat or drink while admiring the wonderful surroundings.

If you’re looking for a more active vacation, Caldera is the place to go. 

With its stunning views and unique history, this island is perfect for those who want to explore it and learn about its past. 

It’s also less crowded in spring and autumn than in other places, so you won’t have trouble finding things to do with your time.

If you’re looking for something more relaxing, the cliffside at the caldera is the perfect spot for set back and relaxing vacation. Book a room with a Santorini caldera view and sit on your balcony to enjoy all day!

Santorini is a magical place, and one of the best ways to experience its beauty is by visiting the Caldera. 

While there are many ways to do this, we recommend choosing Santorini private tours or renting a car to explore at your own pace. 

There are also plenty of things to do in Santorini – activities available in nearby villages such as Oia (where sunset photos have become famous) or Akrotiri, which offers more archaeology than most other places in Santorini!

• FAQs about caldera Santorini

In Greek, “caldera” refers to a volcanic crater or the cauldron-like depression that forms after a volcanic eruption. In the context of Santorini, the term “caldera” is used to describe the large, water-filled volcanic crater created by a massive explosion in ancient times. It’s a defining geological feature of the island and is surrounded by the steep cliffs and picturesque villages that Santorini is famous for.

The depth of the Santorini caldera varies across its different parts. The central, submerged portion of the caldera is quite deep, while the surrounding cliffs and islands have varying depths. More specifically:

• Central caldera: The submerged part of the Santorini caldera can reach depths of over 1,200 feet (about 360 meters) or more in some places. This deep central area is where the massive volcanic explosion that formed it occurred.
• Cliff depths: The cliffs surrounding the caldera, particularly on the western side of the island, can rise several hundred feet above sea level. However, these cliffs also extend below sea level to varying depths, depending on their location.
• Islands: Within the caldera, there are several small islands, the largest of which is Therasia (also known as Thirassia). The waters around these islands can be quite deep as well.

Keep in mind that the exact depth of the Santorini caldera varies depending on the location and the specific geological features. It’s a complex and dynamic underwater landscape, and depths can change over time due to geological activity and erosion.

The caldera is located in the western part of Santorini. The towns of Fira (the capital), Oia, Imerovigli, and others are situated along the cliffs overlooking the caldera, offering breathtaking views of the submerged crater and the deep blue waters below. So, make sure you book your accommodation in one of those villages if you want to relish this majestic landscape.

Once you are on the island of Santorini, you can easily explore the caldera by visiting the towns and villages perched on the cliffs overlooking it, such as Fira, Oia, and Imerovigli. Some popular ways to reach these tourist destinations are taxis, buses, rental cars and guided Santorini day tours .

You can also take sailing tours, including a Santorini catamaran sunset cruise , that offer a closer view of the caldera and the islands within it, such as Nea Kameni, where you can hike to volcanic craters.

The most popular spot in the Santorini caldera is the village of Oia. Oia is renowned for its breathtaking caldera vistas, sunset views, picturesque architecture and vibrant life. Due to all the above, it is no wonder why it is one of the most iconic and photographed locations in Greece, remaining the top choice for many travelers seeking the quintessential Santorini experience.

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Caldera Winter Cruise | CALDERA PANORAMA CRUISE - WINTER EXPERIENCE

Product overview

What's included, additional information, join us for a once-in-a-lifetime sailing experience with the  caldera panorama semi private winter cruise . visit the hotspots of the island in  a luxury catamaran. admire the most spectacular sunset in the world, which remains an all seasons highlight of your visit in  santorini. places you will visit: • red and white beach & black mountain for photos • volcano & hot springs for photos and optionally for swimming • thirassia island for lunch, photos and optionally for swimming • ammoudi bay (eapedes, armeni) sailing pass for photos • old port of fira sailing pass for photos τhe cruise includes complimentary: • transportation from/to hotel • maps & info about santorini • meal on board with bbq, seafood, chicken fillet, salads (special dietary meals available upon request), dessert • open bar with local white wine, beer & hot beverages • blankets, towels & snorkelling gear * the company reserves the right a) to modify the route of the cruise or cancel it due to  inclement weather b) to carry out the cruise with any vessel of the same category depending on the availability **the duration of the cruise is adjusted during the season depending on the time of sunset, filter by category.

Please select a category to view subcategories.

Terms and Conditions

All orders are subject to availability and confirmation of the order price. In order to make a transaction with www.calderayacting.gr client must possess a valid credit card or debit card or prepaid card issued by a bank acceptable to us (Visa, MasterCard, Maestro, American Express). When placing an order you undertake that all details you provide to us are true and accurate, that you are an authorized user of the credit or debit card used to place your order and that there are sufficient funds to cover the cost of the goods. The cost of foreign products and services may fluctuate. All prices advertised are subject to such changes. When you place an order, you will receive an acknowledgement e-mail confirming receipt of your order: this email will only be an acknowledgement of your payment and will constitute acceptance of your order. We send you a confirmation by e-mail along with the Voucher of your tour and further information regarding the exact meeting point and time. We try and ensure that all details, descriptions and prices which appear on this Website are accurate. If we discover an error in the price of any services which you have ordered we will inform you of this as soon as possible and give you the option of reconfirming your order at the correct price or cancelling it. If we are unable to contact you we will treat the order as cancelled. If you cancel and you have already paid for the goods, the cancellation policy will take place.  Delivery costs will be charged in addition; such additional charges are clearly displayed where applicable and included in the ‘Total Cost’.

No member from www.calderayachting.gr   will request any form of ticket from our clients in order to embark in one of our vessels. Therefore, www.calderayachting.gr does not provide or send any ticket. The reservation team sends only a voucher where all the necessary information (meeting point and time, special arrangements upon request) might be useful for our valued clients.

These terms apply to the entire content of this web site. These terms of use are governed by the Greek Law. Disputes arising in connection with them shall be subject to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the Greek Courts.

Privacy policy

Introduction

In a world of rising privacy concerns, Caldera Yachting is highly committed to respecting your privacy and implementing measures to protect your personal data in compliance with General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679.

From the moment you interact with us, either directly or through a third party, we gather information about you, be it over the phone, through email exchanges or through our websites, social media and competitions.

We never share nor reveal your personal information to any third parties, unless this is either mandated by applicable Law or required for the fulfillment of service, contractual obligations and legitimate interests. Even so, you at all times have the right to request from us that we delete your information to the extent of course that retaining such is not mandated by Law.

Please take the time to carefully go over this Privacy Notice, our Terms of Use and any supporting documents referred hereinto so you may have a clear understanding on the conditions you are agreeing to by browsing and using this website, ordering our products and services or otherwise interacting with us.

We will be happy to answer any questions you may have but should you feel you disagree with our policies or any terms & conditions thereof please feel free to not proceed with further use of our website and kindly understand that we may be prevented from accepting your yacht charter booking or purchase order.

Our Privacy Policy Covers the following:

1.     Legal base & purpose of personal data processing

2.     How we collect personal data

3.     What Personal Data We Collect

4.     How we use personal data

5.     Where we store personal data

6.     Who we share personal data with

7.     Your rights to your personal information

8.     Cookies' Policy

9.     Website disclaimer

Caldera Yachting shall process your personal data in compliance with General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679 and Greek National Law 2472/1997, and has taken all reasonable organizational, technical and security measures for the protection of personal data against unauthorized access, misuse, detection, loss or destruction.

In charge of data processing:

Full Name of Legal Entity: CALDERA YACHTING PC

Commercial Registry Number: 146780201000

Registered / Postal Address: TRIZONION 1, AGHIOS DIMITRIOS ATHENS

Telephone Number:0030 22860 23000

Contact e-mail: [email protected]

Your personal data is collected and processed on the basis of:

Your Consent given to us to process your personal data for the purpose of contacting you, providing you with quotations, communicating to you company news, promotional offers and other information related to our business.

Operational & Contractual Requirements for the purpose of entering into or performing any contractual agreement with you and fulfilling the contractual obligations arising thereof.

Legal Requirements imposed by regulations in force, as for the purposes of notification and registration which we are obliged to perform in compliance with legislative conditions for conducting the activity of yacht sales, of yacht chartering and of concluding yacht sale or charter agreements.

Other Legitimate Interest, as for the purpose of optimizing our product or service mix to provide you with services best-suited to your preferences, assessing your satisfaction from our services and from the yacht that you chartered, improving our website content, improving our business processes, marketing efforts, products and services.

As we collect information through many sources we have grouped them for your ease of reference by type of interaction and channels of enquiry and communication with us.

Direct interaction

Should you choose to place a request for information

place an inquiry for products or services

pay for products or services through our website

subscribe to our newsletters and publications

sign up and participate to a competition, promotion or survey

give us feedback on our services and products

interact with our company for any other purpose

then you may provide us personal data by, filling-in forms through our websites

filling-in forms when visiting us at fairs corresponding with us by post, phone, email, in person or otherwise

Automated Technology Interactions:

By visiting and browsing our websites, we may automatically collect statistical and technical data that can identify your device and town but not you as a person. We collect this personal data by using server logs, cookies and data analytics technologies and services provided by third party suppliers such as Google based outside the EU. Please refer to our Cookies Policy for more information.

When following us on social media, the collection, processing, storage and use of your information is the responsibility of the social media provider, subject to the Privacy Policy of the respective social media platform. We can view information that you share via the social media platforms and platform providers provide us with analytics tools which we use for informational and marketing analysis purposes.

Should you be chartering a yacht, it is also possible that we may automatically collect yacht coordinates tracking information mainly for safety and emergency handling purposes but also so as to enhance the level of charter base service level you receive.

The amount and type of personal data we collect is at all times reasonable, necessary and maintained to the minimum requirement imposed by criterion of necessity for operational and contract performance, legal requirement or other legitimate interest per level of interaction.

To help you better understand the type of personal data we may collect and process we have grouped them per level of interaction as follows:

Website Browsing Data:

In order to improve your experience on our website we use “Cookies” which are small text files sent by the web server to your web browser and stored by your browser on your device so they allow our websites to recognize your device - but they do not identify you personally.

If you are making a purchase or payment through our website, we may use cookies to keep track of the transaction from one web page to another. Cookies are an industry standard and most major web sites use them but you may refuse their use by selecting the appropriate settings on your browser. Please note however that by disabling cookies you may not be able to use the full functionality of our websites.

We also use Google Analytics, a service that collects statistical data about our users' browsing actions and patterns (including where available their IP address, operating system and browser type) to Google Servers, then provides us with reports containing such statistical information that do not identify any individual but help us understand website performance and how we can improve it.

At this stage your identity is neither determined nor recorded, except for the town in which you are located.

Only once you enter your contact information into the website yourself it is possible for us to match you with a recorded visit to our website.

Contact Data

When you contact our company we record your Name / Surname / E-mail address / Phone Number and any Comments (i.e. the specifics of your communication) so we may contact you in return with a response appropriate to the purpose of your contact. Should you be contacting us through a contact form embedded in our websites, then we also receive your IP address.

Newsletter & Publications Subscription Data

By subscribing to our Newsletter or Publications you will be providing us with the same Contact Data as above. Again, should you be subscribing through our websites then we will also receive your IP address.

Service Inquiry Data

When you place an inquiry for chartering a yacht (or other service) either via phone, e-mail or through your charter broker, then in addition to your Contact Data listed above we may also collect information on your sailing holiday preferences such as Yacht Charter Type / Yacht Type / Sailing Area / Pickup Date / Drop Off Date / Holiday Requirements (including number of guests aboard , charter party composition etc.) so we may process your inquiry and provide you with a quotation best matched to your requirements.

Booking / Charter Agreement Data

It's time for us to collect and confirm with you the full set of personal data required for legal and operational purposes, as summarized in the table below:

 Identity Data

Name & Surname

Date of Birth or Age Group

Nationality

Scanned Copy of Passport or ID

Residence (Postal) Address

E-mail address

Cell Phone Number           

Payments Data      

Tax Registration Number 1

Bank Account Details 2

Payment Card Details 3

Paypal details                      

Travel & Service Arrangements Data   

Flight Details

Accommodation details

Charter Preferences & Personalized Services

Provided by you so we may fulfill your requirement for personalized charter arrangements (tailor-made menus, wine lists, itineraries, occasion arrangements, provisions, services etc) and enhance charter service level to your satisfaction. May include Special Categories of Sensitive Personal Data such as religious or philosophical beliefs, biometric data, dietary details & constraints and information about your health and any medical conditions.

1 Required by Law from Greek Citizens only, requirement does not apply to Non-Greek Citizens.

2 Required and obtained only in any event that it is necessary for us to make payment to you as for example in case of early booking cancellation or residual A.P.A. funds return

3 Required and obtained upon your request and authorization that we process collection of payment from you or for yacht security deposit handling.

4 Commonly applicable for Crewed Yacht Charters

Please keep in mind that you are responsible to ensure that all members of your party sailing with you are aware of the content of our Privacy Policy and consent to your acting on their behalf in all your dealings with us.

Kindly understand that personal data required to be collected, processed, distributed and stored by law, or under legitimate interest or reasonable requirement so as to execute a service or product order or to enter or fulfill the terms of a contract needs to be provided from you in an accurate and timely manner. Should you fail to do so then we may not be able to render our services, execute your order, enter or perform the contract so we may be obliged to decline or cancel your service or product order or contract.

Other than for the specific purposes agreed with you, any information collected can be processed and used without your knowledge or consent for legitimate purposes only, when this is required or permitted by Law.

The two principal uses of your information are Operational / Legal requirements and Marketing.

Operational & Legal Requirements

Commonly refer to when we need to, respond to an inquiry or contact of other purpose that we have received from you prepare a contract we are about to enter into with you perform a contract we have entered with you or to render you a service or product you have ordered comply with legal, statutory or regulatory obligations serve or protect our legitimate interests (or those of a third party)

Caldera Yachting shall never sell or make otherwise available your personal information to any third party for the purposes of advertising.

We use information collected from you to, improve our websites' content and functionality perform internal marketing analysis communicate offers and news which we believe will be of interest to you If you have contacted us requesting information, or inquired for goods or services from us or subscribed to our newsletters or publications, or registered for a competition or promotion organized by us, or provided us with your contact details during a fair, or received goods or services from us and on condition that you have not opted out of such an activity then you may be receiving marketing communications from us.

5.     Data Storage & Retention

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Health & Safety

The sea 'began to boil': Freak volcanic eruption of Santorini 1,300 years ago indicates huge blasts can occur during time of quiet

A giant layer of pumice and ash found buried underwater in the Santorini caldera indicates an eruption in A.D. 726 was much bigger than previously thought.

An eruption at Santorini volcano 1,300 years ago was far larger than previously thought, suggesting explosive blasts can occur even in periods of relative quiet, new research shows.

Santorini is an underwater volcano located along a string of volcanoes known as the Hellenic Island Arc between Greece and Turkey. It can produce eruptions that are so extreme the crust above the magma chamber collapses and forms a bowl-shaped pit, or caldera, several miles across. The last caldera-forming eruption at Santorini, known as the Minoan eruption, occurred in 1600 B.C. and blew the top off what was then one island, leaving behind the present-day archipelago. 

Eruptions of this scale are typically followed by a "rejuvenation" period, during which the magma chamber replenishes and feeds only small eruptions. But a huge explosion in the year A.D. 726 has scientists rethinking how the volcano behaves during quiet periods, according to a study published Monday (March 25) in the journal Nature Geoscience . 

"Historical accounts mention that, during the summer of 726 C.E., the sea within the Santorini caldera began to boil until dense smoke rose and was accompanied by pyroclastic eruptions," researchers wrote in the study. (Pyroclastic eruptions are characterized by flows of blistering ash, gas and rock.) "Large pumice blocks were ejected in such quantity that they covered the sea over an immense area, reaching the coasts of Macedonia and Asia Minor more than 400 km [kilometers, or 250 miles] away."

Related: Underwater Santorini volcano eruption 520,000 years ago was 15 times bigger than record-breaking Tonga eruption

While these descriptions hint at a huge explosion, the only trace of this eruption previously found was a thin layer of pumice on Palea Kameni — one of two islands that sit in the center of the Santorini caldera, where a vent called the Kameni volcano opened up following the Minoan eruption.

Now, scientists have gleaned the full extent of the 726 eruption and found that it likely blasted from the Kameni vent with a magnitude similar to that of the record-shattering Tonga volcano eruption of 2022, according to the study. 

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To find out more about the eruption, the researchers drilled at different sites around the Kameni vent. The sediment cores they collected revealed a thick layer of pumice and ash, indicating the eruption ejected 0.7 cubic miles (3.1 cubic kilometers) of material — roughly the equivalent of 1 million Olympic swimming pools. Scientists didn't expect to find evidence of such a powerful eruption just 2,300 years after a caldera-forming eruption. The finding suggests the Santorini caldera is capable of exploding when it should — theoretically — be recharging, according to the study.

"Our finding that the Santorini caldera is capable of producing large explosive eruptions at an early stage in the caldera cycle implies an elevated hazard potential for the eastern Mediterranean region," the researchers wrote.

The Kameni volcano vent last erupted in 1950 , producing small explosions and lava flows. It has since been dormant, except for a phase of unrest between 2011 and 2012, when satellites picked up telltale signs of magma moving beneath the volcano. 

— Iceland volcano: Gigantic plume of toxic gas from latest eruption is moving across Europe, satellite data shows

— Underwater volcano eruption 7,300 years ago is the largest in recorded history

— Never-before-seen volcanic magma chamber discovered deep under Mediterranean, near Santorini  

The thin layer of pumice on Palea Kameni island indicated the 726 eruption had a magnitude between 3 and 4 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index, which was until now considered a worst-case scenario for the Kameni volcano vent. 

The new results, however, indicate the eruption was a magnitude 5 event, which is 10 to 100 times bigger than previously thought. "A similar eruptive event today would have severe consequences not only for the inhabitants of Santorini and its neighboring islands but also for the broader eastern Mediterranean," the researchers wrote in the study.

Editor's note: The headline and article were corrected at 6 a.m. ET on March 26, 2024, to remove references to the eruption being as violent as the 2022 Tonga event. The eruption was of the same order of magnitude as the 2022 Tonga event.

Sascha is a U.K.-based trainee staff writer at Live Science. She holds a bachelor’s degree in biology from the University of Southampton in England and a master’s degree in science communication from Imperial College London. Her work has appeared in The Guardian and the health website Zoe. Besides writing, she enjoys playing tennis, bread-making and browsing second-hand shops for hidden gems.

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Make Your Santorini Adventure Unforgettable With These Tips & Ideas For A Magical Journey

Make your santorini adventure unforgettable with these tips & ideas for a magical journey.

S antorini unfolds like a masterpiece painted on the Aegean canvas, with its iconic cliffs rising from the sea, crowned by villages gleaming in the Mediterranean sun. This island, shaped by volcanic forces, offers a tapestry of experiences, from its breathtaking caldera views to the deep blue waters that invite endless exploration.

Each step through its cobblestone streets, each gaze across the horizon, reveals a story of ancient eruptions, thriving civilisations, and a timeless allure that captivates the heart of every traveller. Santorini is not just a place to visit; it’s a world to enter, where the past and present blend seamlessly, offering a journey as enchanting as the island’s legendary sunsets.

Ready to uncover the secrets and splendours of Santorini? Let’s dive into making your adventure on this island truly unforgettable.

Santorini isn’t just a destination; it’s an experience that starts with understanding its heart. The island thrives in the warmer months, with late spring and early autumn offering the perfect balance of splendid weather and fewer crowds. Get to grips with the island’s geography to appreciate its volcanic beaches, stunning sunsets, and the caldera’s breathtaking views. Diving into local customs and some Greek language can also enhance your connection to this enchanting locale.

Santorini’s culinary scene is as rich as its history. The island’s volcanic soil gifts its cuisine with unique flavours, especially its tomatoes and wines. Embarking on a wine tour, such as the ones offered by Santorini Wine Adventure Tours, is a must-do, allowing you to taste the world-renowned Assyrtiko wine amidst the very vines it originates from. Take advantage of local delicacies like fava, tomatokeftedes (tomato fritters), and fresh seafood. Engage with local taverna owners and uncover culinary secrets not found in guidebooks.

Santorini’s beauty lies in its diversity. Beyond Oia’s iconic, blue-domed churches and sunsets, venture to ancient Akrotiri, a remarkably preserved prehistoric town. For a taste of untouched Santorini, hike from Fira to Oia , capturing panoramic views of the caldera. Escape the tourist trails by visiting the traditional village of Megalochori or the remote beach of Koloumbos for a peaceful day under the sun.

Santorini is a photographer’s paradise, but you can be something other than a pro to capture its splendour. The golden hour brings a magical light, perfect for those postcard-worthy shots, especially in the villages of Oia and Imerovigli. Keep your camera ready for spontaneous moments of beauty, like a local baker presenting his morning pastries. Remember, the best photos often come from unexpected adventures, so keep exploring.

Creating a balanced itinerary that blends adventure with moments of reflection is key. Allocate days for exploration and others for relaxation, perhaps with a book in one of Santorini’s famed cafes. Allow yourself to be flexible; sometimes, the most memorable experiences are the ones you stumble upon by chance. Whether joining a local festival or spending an afternoon in a secluded cove, let Santorini unfold its wonders at your own pace.

Santorini is more than just a destination; it’s a backdrop for stories, a catalyst for adventure, and a haven for those seeking beauty in every corner. With each visit, the island reveals a new layer, a new secret, inviting you back time and again. So, pack your bags, bring your sense of wonder, and write your own unforgettable Santorini story. The island’s magic awaits, ready to turn your journey into a mosaic of vivid memories.

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Boat Tours in Santorini

Catamaran cruises, caldera gold catamaran cruise in santorini with bbq meal and drinks.

The Caldera Gold Catamaran Cruise is perfect for adventure lovers who want to make their trip to Santorini extra memorable. It promises to take you on an exciting journey across the island, allowing you to admire the exquisite landscapes .

You will visit Therasia Island for a refreshing swim. You will also get a chance to explore the Hot Springs and Volcano and do some fun water activities like snorkeling. Moreover, you can take spectacular photos at the Red beach , White beach , and the Black Mountain.

Apart from this, an appetizing meal featuring fresh seafood, salads, chicken fillet, and dessert will be served on board. People with special dietary requirements can request special meals. At the open bar , you can sip on your favorite beverages, beer, and wine with your friends and loved ones. We will provide you with convenient transport from and to the hotel. You will also receive towels, maps, and snorkeling gear rental.

You can choose between the following two cruise options, depending on your specific needs, requirements, and preferences.

The day cruise starts at 10.30 and ends at 15:30. Starting from the Vlychada Port, the catamaran will head to the Red and White beach. You can relax by the water or swim your worries away in addition to taking some Insta-worthy photos. After that, the catamaran will sail close to the ancient lighthouse and the Black Mountain, allowing you to admire the unique beauty of the volcanic area . You will be left astounded by the spectacular colors surrounding you.

On the way to Hot Springs, you will experience the volcanic energy of the island. The next stop will be Therasia Island, which is the perfect spot to chill for swimmers and water sport enthusiasts. You will also enjoy a spectacular view of Manolas Village.

Towards the end of the tour, we will serve a delicious lunch for you on board . The catamaran will then head to the famous Ammoudi Port in Oia.

Sunset Cruise

The sunset cruise starts at 15.30. It is the perfect opportunity for couples to spend some quality time and make romantic memories that they will cherish for a lifetime.

The cruise will start at the picturesque Ammoudi Bay in Oia and head to Therasia Island for some fun water activities. We will then continue sailing towards the volcano and Hot Springs. You will get a chance to see the Indian Black Rock up close. After crossing the Red and White beach, we will continue cruising on the crystal blue waters until it is time for the sun to go down. The famous Santorinian sunset is bound to take your breath away. You can take photos or just be mesmerized by the beautiful view in front of you. Next, the catamaran will enter the Vlychada Port. As the night falls, we will serve a scrumptious dinner on board .

Adults Age 13+

Children Age 3-12

Infants Age 0-2

• Seafood, chicken fillet and salads
• Snorkeling equipment
• Transportation from/to your stay with an A/C mini-bus
• English speaking tour guide
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• Drinks (white santorinian wine, beer, soft drinks)
• Meal included
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• Greek salad
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• Full name is required at time of booking for all participants
• Vegetarian or any other special dietary needs available upon request
• For the sunset cruise, you are advised to bring a jacket
• A white swimsuit is not recommended at the sulfurous hot springs
• Alcoholic drinks will be denied for those under 18 years old
• Children under 12 years old must be accompanied by an adult
• Children of the age group 4 to 12 years old will be charged half ticket
• The map depicts the course of the Sunset cruise. The Morning or Day cruise follows the exact opposite route

A great experience!

This was the highlight of our trip! The crew were amazing, knowledgeable and so funny. The food was SO good and they refilled our drinks a plenty! Highly recommend! Thank you so much! , Excellent!, A great experience!, Excellent!, A must do!

The highlight of our holiday on beautiful Santorini. The crew of the Rainbow were superb. A professional and well run operation. A wonderful experience!

Once your booking is complete, you will receive the voucher, which includes the meeting point, time and supplier’s contact information, at your email address. You need to have it with you, in paper form or in digital form.

Cancellation

If you cancel at least 2 day(s) in advance of the scheduled date, there is no cancellation fee. If you cancel within 2 day(s) of the scheduled date, there is a 100 percent cancellation fee.

Passport or Id

Full names of the passengers (as shown on their passport or id). Passengers need to have onboard with them their passport or id or a copy of them, in case the Port Authority runs a check on the boat. A picture on their mobile will suffice.

Yes, all catamaran cruises include vegetarian/vegan choices i n their menus . Please report your food preference in the "Notes" field of the checkout page.

Yes, if your children are acquainted with the sea, they will love the catamaran ride. In addition, there is snorkeling equipment available on board. Don’t forget to take sunscreen, a hat and a light jacket with you.

Yes, all catamaran cruises provide free pickup and drop-off services no matter where you stay in Santorini. Please fill in the details of your Airbnb on the checkout page.

There are numerous things to do onboard - take delight in the catamaran ride and the amazing views of Santorini from the sea, sunbathe, and enjoy the meal the staff will prepare for you, or just relax with your drink on board!

Absolutely! Greece is one of the safest countries to swim in. You will be glad to know that sharks in the Aegean Sea ( usually from species such as dogfish)  are harmless, sightings are extremely rare while attacks are unheard of! In addition, the waves are usually small, especially inside the Caldera where most boat cruises make stops for swimming. So, based on the above, if you enjoy swimming, snorkeling, or even diving... you are in the right place!

Similar tours

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We’re Santorini’s leading marketplace to explore and book unforgettable travel experiences. Santorini View is operated by Atlantis Software E-Services, a reliable travel agency licensed by the Greek National Tourism Organization with registry number ΜΗ.Τ.Ε. 0206E70000659501.

We offer top-quality , personalized tours and activities tailored to our guests' preferences and interests, with invaluable advice from our team of local experts. Our goal is to ensure that travellers, have the best possible experience in Santorini with access to the island's finest offerings.

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Premium Content

The island of Santorini is hiding an explosive secret

Over three thousand years ago, a volcanic eruption ended an ancient civilization. A new study offers clues about what the next major eruption could look like.

The Greek island of Santorini is an undeniable aesthetic marvel, with its iconic white-and-blue houses perched high above an azure bay. But this paradisical locale has a spectacularly violent origin story.

Santorini is arc-shaped and has a flooded interior because, in the distant past, colossal eruptions have rapidly excavated a hole out of the center of the island. After each eruption, the Santorini volcano starts to recharge its magma supply, readying itself for another gigantic blast. The most infamous of these outbursts took place in the year 1560 B.C. One of the most powerful eruptions in the past 10,000 years, this explosion and the resulting debris and tsunamis arguably marked the beginning of the end of seafaring Minoan civilization.

The island is currently somewhere in the middle of this cataclysmic cycle, and volcanologists are presently most concerned with the island’s Kameni volcano. Effectively a rooftop extension of the considerably larger Santorini volcano, it’s a small mostly underwater edifice at the heart of Santorini with two peaks, Palea and Nea Kameni, poking above the water.

In the year 726, one of Kameni’s eruptions generated significant explosions and threw out myriad molten matter. Based on volcanic rocks recovered from the eruption, this was thought to be the worst-case scenario that Kameni could produce.

Now, a new study, published in Nature Geoscience , reveals that the actual eruption was one to two orders of magnitude more powerful.

They estimate that at least 100 billion cubic feet of lava, ash, and scorching-hot rocks were expelled from Kameni, making it comparable to the formidable 2022 detonation of the submarine Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha‘apai volcano in the Pacific. “Such an eruption happening today would have major implications,” says Jonas Preine , a geophysicist at the University of Hamburg in Germany, and the study’s lead author.

This is unwelcome news, both for the 15,000 people who live on Santorini, and for the two million tourists who visit it every single year. “It raises the possibility that moderate to large explosive eruptions may be more likely than previously thought,” says David Pyle , a volcanologist at the University of Oxford who was not involved with the new work.

But “this is not a reason for the people of the Aegean to be panicking right now,” says Preine. The risk of a major eruption in the near future at Santorini is low, and there are no signs that one is on its way soon. And this study boosts volcanologists’ understanding of the island and its eruptive risks, allowing scientists to better shield people from future dangers.

“Submarine volcanoes are expensive to study,” says Preine. “But it’s worth it. There’s a whole zoo of hazards that could be associated with them.”

Investigating Santorini’s volcanic history

Santorini is one of many caldera-forming volcanoes around the world—those that seem to operate on cycles culminating in massive explosions that form a cauldron-shaped depression (the ‘caldera’). The island’s volcanic activity dates back around 650,000 years, and in that time, it has produced at least five of these catastrophic blasts, including that civilization-crippling one in 1560 B.C.

Since then, the island’s volcanic story has been written by the two-peaked Kameni volcano. Producing both effusive, lava-spewing eruptions and decently explosive ones, it last erupted in 1950, and has been quiet aside from some seismic unrest between 2011 and 2012. But that doesn’t mean it’s sleeping.

“The volcano is still fairly active, so there is, of course, always some risk,” says Isobel Yeo , a submarine volcanologist at the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton, England who was not involved with the new work. And when it comes to submarine volcanoes, scientists are acutely aware that they “are capable of taking us by surprise.”

The 726 eruption has been a focus for those hoping to understand how hazardous Kameni might be in the future. Historical accounts sound frightening: it was said that the waters of the bay began to boil, before “the entire sea was on fire,” says Preine—after which, deafening explosions blanketed the sky with ash and the land with pumice stones.

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But the volcanic evidence found by scientists didn’t seem to quite match up to those apocalyptic descriptions. “Pumice only forms and is distributed in explosive eruptions,” says Rebecca Williams , a volcanologist at the University of Hull who was not involved with the new work. But “a significant challenge to fully understanding the eruptive history of an island volcano is that most of the rock record is lost to the sea.”

The 726 eruption was no exception: only small traces of it were left on land. As a result, even though this was known to be a dangerous event, “the impact of this eruption was never really taken seriously,” says Preine.

What will Santorini’s next eruption look like?    

Hoping to decode more of Kameni’s obfuscated volcanic past, members of the International Ocean Discovery Program drilled into the marine basins of the caldera at various sites, extracting sediment cores each time.

In doing so, they found a considerable volume of ash and pumice that they traced back to the 726 eruption. It quickly became clear that this eruption really was as significant and severe as the historic accounts had portrayed it, one that likely involved thunderous underwater booms giving way to towering columns of ash and pumice.

An explosive eruption throwing out 100 billion cubic feet of erupted matter is certainly a frightening thought. But the reality was likely more nightmarish.

“The estimate they provide is at the lower end, because they are using only the volume of material deposited within the caldera,” says Yeo. “Lots of material was likely transported and deposited away from the volcano during the eruption.”

This study raises the possibility that Kameni is capable of greater harm than anyone suspected. A similarly explosive eruption today “raises the possibility not only of substantial ash and pumice fall, but also tsunamis generated by possible ’sector’ collapse of the island, which is built on unstable pumice deposits,” says Kathy Cashman , a volcanologist at the University of Oregon not involved with the work.

The team’s discovery also means that Kameni’s worst-case scenario is, well, worse than previously thought. Fortunately, scientists have long taken the island’s volcanic risks into consideration.

“Santorini should be taken seriously given the volcano’s tsunamigenic potential and the large number of people that could be affected,” says Amy Donovan , a volcanologist at the University of Cambridge who wasn’t involved with the work. “While this paper does say that 726 was bigger than we thought, it doesn’t significantly increase my concern about what was already a concerning volcano for multiple reasons.”

Unsurprisingly, the volcano is also vigilantly monitored around the clock. “Any signs of unrest are likely to be detected in their earliest phases and warnings issued,” says Yeo.

The implications of this research won’t remain local to the island. Santorini is widely considered to be one of the key sites whose study led to the modern science of volcanology. It’s been extensively examined, its every accessible detail forensically analyzed countless times. “And still, it gives us large surprises,” says Preine. “This volcano that you’re looking at every day has some secrets that we’re still discovering.”

What, then, does that say about other caldera-forming volcanoes around the world, especially those submerged beneath the ocean? “If we’ve been unaware of this at Santorini, we’re surely unaware of similar eruptions at other volcanoes,” says Preine. “This is a huge blind spot for the volcanology community.”

The clock is ticking. “Almost no submerged volcanoes are monitored,” says Yeo, “and this needs to change.”

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The Best Hotels in Santorini, From Idyllic Beachfront Properties to Secluded Villas

By Monica Mendal

We may earn a commission if you buy something from any affiliate links on our site.

The best hotels in Santorini have long been the paradigm of the Greek islands , flanked by whitewashed villages cascading down a volcanic cliffside as blue cupolas and vibrant bougainvillea line the island’s labyrinth of cobbled streets. Suffice to say that a romantic holiday in Santorini certainly lives up to all of our daydreams. The decision of where to stay in Santorini is an important one, as it will help determine the nature of your trip.

Whether you’re looking for a traditional Cycladic dreamscape in the heart of whitewashed Oia, a secluded modern villa overlooking a local vineyard, or a beachfront getaway on the island’s volcanic black sands, we’ve rounded up the best hotels Santorini has to offer—and don’t worry, we’ve made sure each one secures you a front row seat to the island’s iconic sunset.

Photo: Courtesy of Perivolas

Perched atop a cliff overlooking the whitewashed walls of Santorini, the family-run hotel Perivolas has been one of the most iconic hotels on the island since the 1980s. While the arresting views of Oia’s landscape and breathtaking sunsets are inevitable, it’s the cave-structured suites designed by the family at Perivolas that truly steal the show. The 22 contemporary houses inspired by the island’s traditional cave architecture feature hand-woven textiles in pink and purple hues set along a stark white backdrop, many with private plunge pools and colorful gardens. While the property is intrinsically opulent, the essence of Perivolas is its simplicity. Each space has such personality and flair, there’s a chance you won’t want to leave the hotel. Don’t say we didn’t warn you.

Amenities: Private parking, library, pool, spa, restaurant, bar, gym

Editor’s tip: Perivolas has its own fleet of boats available exclusively for hotel guests wishing to book boat tours around the island.

Address: Oia, Santorini, Greece, GR 847 02

The whitewashed walls of Oia’s timeless backdrop are disrupted—though rather seamlessly—by the cream-colored ones of Mystique , but the hotel still follows the island’s iconic architecture with its Cycladic-inspired suites, restaurants, and infinity pools. High-end service, sea views (easily mistaken for green screens), suites, and villas featuring ensuite hot tubs and gyms are just a few of the perks at Mystique. Plus, the hotel is perfectly located in close proximity to all of the shops, tavernas, and dreamy streets of Oia.

Amenities: Valet parking, spa, beauty salon, two pools, restaurant, bar, gym, bikes available, shuttle service

Editor’s tip: Book either their Mystery or Secrecy Villa and you won’t have to leave your room to workout, as both room categories come equipped with a chic private fitness room that includes a NOHrD bike, swing bells, and wall bars.

Address: Oia, Santorini 84702, Greece

Domes Novos Santorini

By Hannah Jackson

By Audrey Noble

By Daniel Rodgers

New to the Santorini scene this summer is Domes Novos Santorini , opening April 2024 in Tholos, a district just north of the tourist-laden village of Oia (albeit a mere 20-minute walk). Further out from the coastline in an area characterized by its sweeping fields and vineyards is what gives Domes Novos Santorini its intimate, otherworldly appeal. Here you’ll find 50 spacious suites and villas, each one outfitted with its own private pool and terrace, to be optimally positioned for watching the iconic Santorini sunsets. But what makes Domes Noves Santorini especially unique is the family-friendly atmosphere present here, offering immersive activities for kids such as eco-conscious gardening, nature walks, and cooking classes.

Amenities: Pool, free parking, family rooms, spa, gym, restaurant, bar, kid’s club

Editor’s tip: Opt to stay in one of the property’s premium “Haute Living” accommodations and unlock the benefits of a private concierge who can handle everything from grocery delivery to dedicated butler services.

Address: Tholos 847 02, Greece

Photo: Courtesy of Vora

For travelers looking for an intimate stay in Santorini, Vora’s three thoughtfully designed villas are designed for privacy, each featuring their own private balcony with infinity pools built into the cliff edge overlooking the Caldera. Unlike most hotels around the island, Vora doesn’t offer traditional hotel amenities, instead its focused on providing guests with customized services, such as organizing exclusive tours and excursions aligned with each individual guests’ interests. These are all thoughtfully curated by the property’s owner and Santorini native, Yannis Bellonias, who wants visitors to experience Santorini like a local. It’s a reason why Vora remains open longer than most hotels in the area, with a season that begins in March and ends in December, giving travelers the opportunity to experience the authentic side of Santorini that extends well beyond the summer months.

Amenities: Office facilities (laptop, tablet, scanner, printer), pillow menu, outdoor tub, private chef and private dining, beauty treatments & massages, shuttle service, tailor-maid tour & excursions, car or bike rental or chauffeur, adults only

Editor’s tip: Book your private dining experiences ahead of your stay, where the property’s executive chef will create a custom-made tasting menu paired with local wine, to be enjoyed privately on your balcony, each night.

Address: Imerovigli 847 00, Greece

Katikies Santorini

Katikies represents Santorini in its most quintessential form, where white domes and caves are etched into the cliff, connected by sets of stairs winding their way to the Cycladic guest rooms swathed in blue and white. Meanwhile, slashes of turquoise, visible from nearly every vantage point, indicate one of the two swimming pools against the backdrop of the Aegean. But aesthetics alone aren’t reason to book; among its many accolades, Katikies Santorini has been awarded Europe’s Leading Luxury Hotel three times–most recently securing the win in 2023–indelible confirmation of its exceptional experience and service. New this season is Katikies Villa Santorini , accessed through a private path down the cliff, offering families and couples elevated double rooms and spacious one-bedroom suites with enhanced privacy.

Amenities: Restaurants, bar, spa, free parking, pool, shuttle service

Editor’s tip: Don’t miss toasting to a glass of champagne at the Champagne Bar by Fleur de Miraval paired with some sushi and Ossetra caviar.

Address: Nik. Nomikou, Oía 847 02, Greece

Offering barefoot luxury at its finest, located on Santorini’s southeastern shores along the renowned black sand beach of Perivolas, Istoria is an idyllic beachfront boutique hotel away from the crowds. The property provides the perfect setting for travelers interested in water-based activities, such as snorkeling, scuba diving, and windsurfing without having to drive anywhere. To be sure, water is a compelling theme here with private hot tubs and pools gracing most of the property’s 12 suites. When you’re not lounging at the hotel’s private beach club or sipping one of its wellness-inspired cocktails at the pool bar, you can venture into the lesser-known villages nearby or indulge in a tasting at the local vineyards that sweep the area.

Amenities: Free parking, restaurant, bar, pool, spa, offsite gym facilities, shuttle service, adults only

Editor’s tip: If you’re feeling extra luxurious, book their signature Santorini Lava Touch massage at the spa, which uses lava clay and other natural ingredients to help activate the lymphatic system and tone the body as you kick off your week on the islands.

Address: Perivolos, 847 03, Greece

Andronis Arcadia

Andronis Arcadia is the newest member of the Andronis collection known for its many luxury accommodations across Santorini, like Andronis Luxury Suites and the Andronis Boutique Hotel (both certainly worthy for inclusion on this list). Andronis Arcadia is located on the fringe of Oia, close enough to walk there, yet far enough away to ensure a peaceful respite from the crowds. Its sustainable design ethos is articulated through its use of local artwork and over 90% of furniture and decor was made inside the hotel using locally sourced materials. Each suite has a pool with direct views to the sea and the hotel also features the island’s largest villa that spans over 6,000 square feet and the largest pool in Santorini.

Amenities: Restaurants, pool, spa, meeting and event spaces, on-site parking, shuttle service, pillow menu

Editor’s tip: After a day of hiking, don’t miss the water path at the Evexia spa, featuring two 3.5 foot Kneipp pools–one hot and one cold, followed by a foot rescue massage.

Address: Oia 847 02, Greece

Canaves Ena

New this season is Canaves Collection, a collection of authentic family-run hotels throughout the island’s legendary first property; Canaves Oia Boutique Hotel will unveil its full transformation and renovation into Canaves Ena , including 18 freshly appointed suites crafted from volcanic rock. In keeping with the whitewashed hues of the island, each suite is decorated in a minimalist style, featuring private verandas–some with plunge pools as well—that overlook the Aegean and the island’s famous Caldera. Throughout the renovation, the team managed to preserve the iconic river pool suite , one of the original suites that began the entire Canaves concept, featuring its intimate one-of-a-kind river pool jacuzzi.

Amenities: Restaurant, bar, pool, spa, gym, free private parking, pillow menu, daily newspaper

Editor’s tip: Indulge in a sunset cocktail or a romantic candlelit dinner at the hotel’s Infinity Modern Bistro & Bar by the infinity pool against the famed caldera backdrop.

Address: Main Street, Oía 847 02, Greece

Kapari Natural Resort

Built on the highest point of the caldera cliffs in the central west just south of Oia sits one of Santorini’s oldest villages, Imerovigli. Now an upmarket neighborhood with equally–if not, arguably, the best sunset views on the island–Imerovigli offers a quieter alternative to the bustling Oia. Imerovigli boasts its own array of local restaurants and chic upmarket cafés, as well as luxury hotels, such as the adult-only Kapari Natural Resort , where the hotel’s Cycladic blueprint is characterized by traditional curvy rooms and corridors, built-in furniture, neutral hues, and unspoiled majestic sunsets, best experienced from the property’s upscale wine restaurant.

Amenities: Restaurant, bar, pool, shuttle service, family rooms

Editor’s tip: The hiking trail to the Venetian castle ruins on Skaros Rock, one of the most famous hikes on the island, begins directly across the street from the hotel at Theoskepasti church.

Noūs Santorini

Photo: Courtesy of Noūs Santorini

If you prefer a more centrally located stay outside of the tourist hub, Noūs Santorini is situated in the upmarket village of Mesaria, surrounded by historic neoclassical mansions and traditional cave homes. Noūs is spread across a lush green landscape enveloped by natural vegetation, making it the perfect place for a restorative wellness trip. The expansive property features two restaurants, two bars, a spa, and a designated alfresco yoga area and fire pit—all of which form the nucleus for the various communal gatherings held across the property to encourage social interaction.

Amenities: Free parking, valet parking, restaurant, wine cellar, pool, spa, beauty salon, adjoining rooms, wood-burning fireplace, rooftop terrace bar

Editor’s tip: Don’t miss a visit to the Noūs Vitamin Bar, where you can choose from a selection of nutritious and wholesome meals (think fresh salads, cereal bars, juices, and smoothies) to enjoy on the spot or grab-and-go.

Address: Epar.Od. Firon-Ormou Perissis, Mesaria 847 00, Greece

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• Published: 25 March 2024

Hazardous explosive eruptions of a recharging multi-cyclic island arc caldera

• Jonas Preine   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-4481-2815 1 ,
• Jens Karstens   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9434-2479 2 ,
• Christian Hübscher   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7380-2344 1 ,
• Tim Druitt   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6594-1448 3 ,
• Steffen Kutterolf   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0645-3399 2 ,
• Paraskevi Nomikou   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-8842-9730 4 ,
• Michael Manga   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3286-4682 5 ,
• Ralf Gertisser   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9973-2230 6 ,
• Katharina Pank 2 ,
• Sarah Beethe 7 ,
• Carole Berthod 8 ,
• Gareth Crutchley   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6692-0665 2 ,
• Iona McIntosh   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2707-8142 9 ,
• Thomas Ronge   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2625-719X 10 ,
• Masako Tominaga   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1169-4146 11 ,
• Acacia Clark   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-3523-1998 12 ,
• Susan DeBari   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9927-2994 13 ,
• Raymond Johnston 14 ,
• Zenon Mateo 10 ,
• Ally Peccia   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1985-2417 15 ,
• Christopher Jones   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3739-2995 16 ,
• Günther Kletetschka   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0645-9037 17 , 18 ,
• Abigail Metcalfe   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6101-7752 3 ,
• Alexis Bernard   ORCID: orcid.org/0009-0002-2834-6540 19 ,
• Hehe Chen 20 ,
• Shun Chiyonobu 21 ,
• Tatiana Fernandez-Perez 22 ,
• Kumar Batuk Joshi   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6949-7778 23 ,
• Olga Koukousioura 24 , 25 ,
• Molly McCanta   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-9486-8908 26 ,
• Antony Morris   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2862-7377 27 ,
• Paraskevi Polymenakou 28 ,
• Adam Woodhouse 29 , 30 ,
• Yuzuru Yamamoto   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2514-3174 31 ,
• Kuo-Lung Wang   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-6447-2168 32 , 33 ,
• Hao-Yang Lee 32 ,
• Xiaohui Li 34 &
• Dimitrios Papanikolaou 4  

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• Natural hazards
• Volcanology

Caldera-forming eruptions of silicic volcanic systems are among the most devastating events on Earth. By contrast, post-collapse volcanic activity initiating new caldera cycles is generally considered less hazardous. Formed after Santorini’s latest caldera-forming eruption of ~1600  bce , the Kameni Volcano in the southern Aegean Sea enables the eruptive evolution of a recharging multi-cyclic caldera to be reconstructed. Kameni’s eruptive record has been documented by onshore products and historical descriptions of mainly effusive eruptions dating back to 197  bce . Here we combine high-resolution seismic reflection data with cored lithologies from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 398 at four sites to determine the submarine architecture and volcanic history of intra-caldera deposits from Kameni. Our shore-crossing analysis reveals the deposits of a submarine explosive eruption that produced up to 3.1 km 3 of pumice and ash, which we relate to a historical eruption in 726  ce . The estimated volcanic explosivity index of magnitude 5 exceeds previously considered worst-case eruptive scenarios for Santorini. Our finding that the Santorini caldera is capable of producing large explosive eruptions at an early stage in the caldera cycle implies an elevated hazard potential for the eastern Mediterranean region, and potentially for other recharging silicic calderas.

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Large silicic volcanic systems have the potential to create catastrophic caldera-forming eruptions, capable of impacting human societies on a global scale 1 . Many silicic caldera systems are thought to follow recurrent evolutionary paths 2 , 3 . Caldera cycles typically comprise (1) rejuvenation and recharge by new magmas after caldera collapse associated with small and frequent eruptions, and (2) a build-up stage with few relatively small eruptions of differentiated magmas culminating in (3) a climactic eruption associated with large-scale magma withdrawal and caldera collapse 2 , 3 . Despite their much smaller magnitudes, eruptions during stages 1 and 2 at calderas, as seen, for example, at Campi Flegrei 4 , Taupo 5 , Rabaul 6 or Nisyros 7 , can present a major hazard to populations and infrastructure. Therefore, understanding the timing for the magmatic system beneath a caldera to reactivate and produce new explosive activity after an initial caldera-forming event is crucial. However, since the products from eruptions early in a caldera cycle are commonly buried deep within intra-caldera fill, our knowledge about them is underdeveloped, and the time needed for the system to build up to hazardous explosive events is poorly understood.

Considered to be a typical example of a multi-cyclic caldera, Santorini is part of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc in the eastern Mediterranean (Fig. 1a ). Santorini’s caldera cycles are characterized by extended periods of effusive to mildly explosive intra-caldera volcanism between caldera-forming events 8 , 9 , 10 . Activity at Santorini first began ~650 ka, and since half a million years ago there have been numerous Plinian eruptions, five of which are believed to have generated calderas 8 , 11 . The latest caldera-forming eruption of Santorini occurred ~1600  bce , discharging a dense-rock equivalent (DRE) of silicic magma and rock fragments of 34.5 ± 6.8 km 3 , which possibly contributed to the demise of the Minoan civilization 12 , 13 . Post-collapse volcanism resumed with the build-up of the intra-caldera Kameni Volcano, marking the beginning of a new caldera cycle 10 , 14 .

a , Regional map of the southern Aegean Sea showing the South Aegean Volcanic Arc (shaded red). The black box marks the study area. Green circles mark major cities on the coast of the Aegean. The coordinate system here and in subsequent maps is UTM Zone 35 N, WGS84 datum. b , Morphological map of the Santorini caldera 16 , showing the drill sites (red circles). The dashed yellow line indicates the Kameni Line, a volcano–tectonic lineament defined by the linear alignment of post-Minoan vents. NK, Nea Kameni; PK, Palea Kameni. c , Aerial photo of the Santorini caldera with the drilling vessel JOIDES Resolution positioned at Site U1595 in the foreground. d , Enlargement from b of the Kameni Volcano with dated onshore lava flows in semi-transparent colours bounded by solid lines at present-day sea level 10 . Outlines of the offshore continuation of lava flows are marked by dashed lines 11 . The black dashed line (labelled ‘Cone’) indicates the outline of proposed submarine talus deposits 11 . White dashed lines indicate lava flows of unknown ages, and the dark blue dashed line indicates a lava flow with an age between 1711 and 1925  ce 11 . Uninterpreted versions of b and d are included in Supplementary Fig. 1 .

Kameni Volcano is a largely submarine edifice in the centre of the caldera (Fig. 1b–d ) with two summits forming the islands of Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni 15 , 16 (Fig. 1c ). It separates the caldera into a northern and a southern basin, which have maximum depths of 385 m and 290 m, respectively 16 (Fig. 1b,d ). Historical descriptions provide a record of multiple eruptions of Kameni Volcano that date back to 197  bce and continued until 1950  ce 8 , 15 , 17 . Since then, the volcano has been dormant except for a phase of seismo-volcanic unrest in 2011–2012  ce 18 . Previous seismic reflection studies of the caldera infill identified three stratigraphic units, interpreted as composed either of (1) Minoan and pre-Minoan ignimbrites 19 , (2) mixed Minoan and post-Minoan deposits 20 or (3) entirely post-Minoan deposits 13 , 21 .

International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 398 drilled into the marine basins of the Santorini caldera 22 (Fig. 1b,c ). Four coring sites reveal the eruption history of Kameni Volcano. Here, we integrate recovered lithologies with high-resolution seismic data to map the distribution and volume of individual units. We relate these units to lava flows from Kameni Volcano to reconstruct its evolution, identifying an unexpectedly large explosive eruption in historical times.

Lithologies of intra-caldera deposits

IODP Expedition 398 cored two sites in each of Santorini caldera’s southern (U1594, U1595) and northern (U1596, U1597) basins (Fig. 1b ). Challenging drilling conditions prevented penetration of the acoustic basement and recovery rates decreased with depth (Fig. 2 ). The retrieved material was unlithified sediment, dominated by volcaniclastic material with minor amounts of tuffaceous mud. Five lithologic units (L1–L5) were identified, with the lowermost units L3–L5 solely obtained at Site U1595 (Fig. 2 ). At all sites, unit L1 extends from the seafloor down to ~20 metres below seafloor (mbsf), comprising mainly well-sorted, partly decimetre-thick ash with one additional metre-thick lapilli-ash interval (Figs. 2 and 3a ). The transition between units L1 and L2 is marked by the occurrence of moderate to highly vesicular pumice lapilli (Fig. 3a ). Unit L2 (~20–55 mbsf) consists of volcanic material that grades upwards from pumice lapilli to lapilli-ash (Fig. 2 ), with pumice lapilli up to 5 cm in diameter (Fig. 3a ). At Site U1595, unit L3 comprises numerous intervals of intercalated ash and tuffaceous mud, extending to ~60 mbsf (Figs. 2 and 3a ). Unit L4 extends to ~100 mbsf and consists of heterogeneous volcanic lithologies, including lithic gravels and sands, with lithic blocks (Figs. 2 and 3a ). Unit L5, extending to at least ~126 mbsf, contains pumice lapilli, red volcanic ash and lithics; the bottom of this unit was not recovered (Figs. 2 and 3a ).

Depth of seismic units S1–S3 with the corresponding core names, recovery, lithologic units and lithostratigraphic profiles for Sites U1595 and U1596. Black areas in the recovery column indicate complete recovery, and white areas indicate recovery gaps. AB, acoustic basement.

a , Representative photos of the five lithologic units L1–L5. b , Overview map with all available seismic profiles in the caldera (grey) and the location of the seismic profile shown in c . The labelled black markers (V–Z) indicate course changes of the seismic profile. c , Seismic profile crossing the Santorini caldera from the western breach across the southern and northern basins towards the northern breach 13 , 45 . Labelled black lines (V–Z) mark the course changes of the seismic profile. For location, see b . TWT, two-way travel time; VE, vertical exaggeration. d , e , Enlargement of the seismic image in c of the southern basin ( d ) and northern basin ( e ) with subseafloor depths of the lithologic units L1–L5. Black arrowheads indicate onlap terminations against the acoustic basement. Numbers on the core graphics represent the depth in metres below seafloor. Brown dashed lines indicate the outline of the acoustic basement; red dashed lines indicate the approximate base of interpreted lava flows. Uninterpreted versions of c – e are included in Supplementary Fig. 2 . Additional seismic profiles across the caldera are provided as Extended Data Figs. 1 – 3 .

Seismostratigraphy and correlation to core data

The high-resolution seismic profile shown in Fig. 3c crosses the Santorini caldera and all four drill sites. Following previous studies, we subdivide the caldera infill into three seismic units, numbered S1–S3 from the top to the incoherent acoustic basement 13 , 20 , 21 (Fig. 3c and Extended Data Figs. 1 – 3 ). Unit S1 represents the shallowest infill in both basins and is characterized by incoherent low-amplitude reflections and a flat upper surface (Fig. 3c ). The top of unit S2 marks an unconformity with undulating topography. The internal reflections of unit S2 are subparallel and have higher amplitudes than those of unit S1 (Fig. 3c ). The boundary between units S2 and S3 is marked by a distinct high-amplitude reflection, which is conformable in the southern basin but unconformable in the northern basin (Fig. 3d,e ). Towards Kameni Volcano, this boundary coincides with a high-amplitude reflection marking the top of an incoherent seismic subunit that pinches out distally from the edifice and is associated with acoustic blanking below (Fig. 3d,e ). Unit S3 has a roughly constant thickness in the southern basin, whereas it thickens strongly towards Kameni Volcano in the northern basin and displays divergent internal reflections (Fig. 3e ). Unit S3 fills the topographic low of the underlying acoustic basement, displaying clear onlap structures (Fig. 3d,e ). Acoustic blanking beneath Kameni Volcano prevents determining the extent of unit S3 below the centre of the caldera (Fig. 3d,e ).

Using shipboard P-wave velocity and density measurements of the recovered cores, we correlate the recovered material to seismic reflections integrating the cored lithologic units with the seismic units. At all four sites, we correlate seismic unit S1 with lithologic unit L1 (Fig. 3d,e ) and seismic unit S2 with lithologic unit L2 (Fig. 3d,e ). Lithologic unit L3 represents a thin (~5 m) interval that underlies the high-amplitude reflection separating seismic units S2 and S3 (Fig. 3d,e ). Towards Kameni Volcano, this high-amplitude reflection marks the top of the incoherent subunit whose base is marked by the dashed red lines in Fig. 3d,e . Lithologic units L3–L5 can be correlated with seismic unit S3. Low recovery in lithologic units L4 and L5 limits the precision of core–seismic integration, precluding correlation to internal reflectivity within unit S3 (Fig. 3d ).

Distribution and volume of intra-caldera deposits

Using our extensive dataset of reflection seismic data, we trace the seismic units throughout the caldera to map out their bases and thicknesses on the scale of seismic resolution ( ∼ 5 m) (Fig. 4a–f ). Velocity measurements of the cores enable the two-way time intervals to be converted to thicknesses in metres, and thus provide the bulk and DRE volumes of each seismic unit (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 ). As we cannot trace seismic units underneath Kameni Volcano, we provide minimum volumes that include only the area shown in Fig. 4a–f , whereas the maximum volumes for seismic units S2 and S3 are calculated from interpolation through the Kameni edifice (Fig. 4f and Supplementary Fig. 3 ). The base of unit S1 is significantly deeper in the northern basin than in the southern basin (Fig. 4a ), a manifestation of the pronounced topographic step between the two basins (see Fig. 3c ). Unit S1 has a bulk volume of 0.30 ± 0.04 km 3 (0.09 ± 0.01 km 3 DRE) and is slightly thicker in the northern basin (Fig. 4d ). Unit S2 thickens significantly towards Kameni Volcano (Fig. 4e ), being the thickest between Nea and Palea Kameni (~200 m). Unit S2 has a bulk volume of 2.0 ± 0.7 km 3 , translating to a DRE volume of 0.53 ± 0.18 km 3 (Fig. 4e ). The base of unit S3 forms a deep (~280 mbsf) subcircular depression in the northern basin (Fig. 4c ), filled by the deposits of unit S3 (Fig. 4f ), which have a bulk volume of 2.65 ± 0.75 km 3 (1.30 ± 0.37 km 3 DRE).

a – f , Maps of the bases ( a – c ) and thicknesses ( d – f ) of seismic units S1–S3. Seismic units S1 and S2 correlate with lithologic units L1 and L2, and seismic unit S3 includes lithologic units L3–L5. Red dots indicate the locations of the IODP drill sites. Red dotted lines indicate coastlines. In e , the star marks the potential vent location of the 726 ce eruption 29 . See Supplementary Fig. 3 for a map showing the seismic profiles used for mapping.

Origin of the acoustic basement

The incoherent acoustic basement underlying seismic units S1–S3 was not penetrated during IODP Expedition 398. No deposits from the Minoan eruption were recovered in any of the intra-caldera cores (Figs. 2 and 3a ). Internal reflections of unit S3 lie subparallel to the acoustic basement and show no indications of significant internal faulting (Fig. 3d,e ), which would be expected if unit S3 was deposited before or during caldera collapse 13 (Fig. 3e ). The seismic profile shown in Fig. 3c strikes parallel to the caldera wall in the southern basin (Fig. 3c ). The locations of distinct ridges of the acoustic basement in the seismic data (Fig. 3c ) correspond to the edges of morphologically fresh landslide scars in the caldera walls of the southern basin (Fig. 3f ), formed by rotational landslides during or soon after the Minoan eruption 23 . In the northern basin, the acoustic basement forms a deep subcircular depression (Figs. 3e and 4c ) that overlies a cylindrical low-velocity P-wave anomaly, which was identified in a previous seismic tomography experiment 24 (Fig. 4d–f ). In both basins, internal reflections of unit S3 onlap the acoustic basement (Fig. 3d,e ), implying that seismic unit S3 post-dates the Minoan collapse.

Ages of intra-caldera deposits

Historical documents provide descriptions of 9 effusive to mildly explosive eruptions of Kameni Volcano since 197  bce 15 , 16 , 17 (Fig. 5a ). The distribution and ages of lava flows of Nea Kameni are well documented 15 , 16 . The ages of Palea Kameni lavas are inferred from historical descriptions 17 and, following previous authors 15 , 16 , we accept these ages for this study. To relate these eruptions to the recovered lithologies and seismic units, we explore the offshore continuation of onshore lava flows 16 (Fig. 1d ). Figure 5b shows a three-dimensional (3D) view of two seismic profiles combined with an inset showing the topographic grid. This figure highlights how the subaerial parts of the 46–47  ce (orange), 726  ce (magenta), 1707–1711  ce (light blue) and >1711  ce (dark blue) lava flows extend into the offshore domain 16 and how they relate stratigraphically to the intra-caldera pyroclastic units (Fig. 5b ). Each of these lava flows correlates with laterally confined subunits in the seismic profiles, characterized by a high-amplitude top reflection and a chaotic internal seismic character that is typical of submarine lava flows 25 (Fig. 5b ). Unit S2 lies between the lava flows of the 726  ce and 46–47  ce eruptions (Fig. 5b–d and Extended Data Figs. 1 and 2 ), which implies that unit S1 post-dates 726  ce . Unit S2 has an age between 47 and 726  ce , and unit S3 pre-dates 47  ce (Fig. 5a ).

a , Timeline of the post-Minoan evolution of the Santorini caldera. b , Two crossing seismic lines combined with an inset showing the topographic model of the Santorini caldera and the Kameni edifice from a vantage point at Therasia. Colours indicate seismic units and lava flows 16 . The star marks the potential vent location of the 726  ce eruption 29 . The solid white line indicates the sea level. The dashed brown line indicates the acoustic basement. c , d , Seismic profiles crossing the northern flank of Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni ( c ) and crossing the northern flank of Palea Kameni and Site U1597 ( d ). e , Map of the Kameni edifice with the location of the seismic lines shown in c and d . The orange, magenta and blue lines show the extent of the 46–47  ce , 726  ce and 1711  ce lava flows, respectively. Uninterpreted versions of b – d are included in Supplementary Figs. 4 and 5 .

Origin of intra-caldera deposits

Between the Minoan caldera collapse and the 46–47  ce eruption of Palea Kameni (Fig. 5a,b ), only one eruption (197  bce ) is mentioned in historical accounts, which formed an island that was submerged via subsequent erosion 17 . Our seismic data indicate the presence of buried lava flows at the boundary between seismic units S2 and S3 in both basins, which may correlate with the 197  bce eruption (Figs. 3c and 5b–d and Supplementary Fig. 3c ). Lithologic unit L3 lies directly at the boundary of seismic units S2 and S3, where the buried lava flow pinches out (Fig. 3c–e ). It comprises several intervals of intercalated ash and tuffaceous mud (Figs. 2 and 3a ), which may correspond to ancient eruptions of Kameni Volcano. Below, large parts of unit S3 consist mostly of lithic sands and gravels (lithologic unit L4) that may have been deposited through either collapses of the unstable caldera walls, stream flow in the newly formed caldera or flooding when the northern rim of the caldera was breached 21 (Fig. 5c ). Lithologic unit L5 contains volcanic material and may represent an early phase of Kameni Volcano, potentially older than 197  bce .

Seismic unit S2 consists entirely of pumice and ash (Fig. 3a ), and the absence of intercalated muds implies that it formed during an uninterrupted eruption (Figs. 2 and 3 ). Historical accounts mention that, during the summer of 726  ce , the sea within the Santorini caldera began to boil until dense smoke rose and was accompanied by pyroclastic eruptions 17 . Subsequently, large pumice blocks were ejected in such quantity that they covered the sea over an immense area, reaching the coasts of Macedonia and Asia Minor more than 400 km away 17 . These events may have prompted Emperor Leo III of Constantinople to impose iconoclasm, causing severe conflicts in Byzantine society 26 , 27 . Despite the apparent abundance of floating pumice, no substantial deposits from this eruption have been found previously, except for a thin pumice layer (<1 m) overlying the lavas of 46–47   ce on Palea Kameni 28 , 29 . Our study indicates that an additional 2.0 ± 0.7 km 3 of these deposits lie buried inside the caldera, effectively reconciling historical accounts with scientific evidence. The caldera-filling nature of these deposits suggests emplacement by gravity flows accompanied by the fallout of water-saturated pumice through the water column 30 . Despite a significant intra-caldera thickness, the 726  ce tephra has never been recognized on Santorini, suggesting that the eruption was mostly confined to the submarine realm.

Previous studies have suggested that the vent of the 726  ce eruption was between Nea Kameni and Palea Kameni 29 , which agrees with our mapping of unit S2 (Figs. 4b,e and 5b ). A distal ash layer of Kameni origin (0.4 km 3 DRE), with an estimated age between 200 and 950  ce , has been identified in marine sediments up to 41 km east of Santorini 7 , 31 . Similar glass compositions indicate a correlation of the distal ash with unit L2 and the onshore Kameni compositional field of the 726  ce eruption (Extended Data Fig. 4 ). This ash probably represents the late stage of the eruption when the vent became subaerial, which has been suggested in historical descriptions 17 and agrees with the seismic interpretation (Fig. 5b–d ), where the offshore continuation of the 726  ce lava flow lies on top of unit S2. Adding the distal ash to our estimated intra-caldera volume of unit S2 indicates a bulk volume of up to 3.1 km 3 and a DRE volume of ~1 km 3 for this eruption, implying an eruption magnitude of volcanic explosivity index (VEI) 5, of the same order of the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha‘apai eruption 32 . Unknown quantities of pumice transported in rafts and deposited across the Aegean seafloor further increase this volume 33 .

The most recent phase of the evolution of the Santorini caldera is characterized by the eruptions of Nea Kameni, which took place after 726  ce (Fig. 5a ). These mainly effusive eruptions shaped the present-day morphology of Nea Kameni and occurred between 1570 and 1950  ce 28 . The 0.3 km 3 volcaniclastic deposits of unit S1 probably correspond to these eruptions (Figs. 2 and 3a ), whereas the occurrence of a metre-thick lapilli interval and a decimetre-thick ash interval within unit L1 shows that some of these eruptions were also explosive (Fig. 2 ).

Implications for hazard assessment

Our study reveals the nature of the marine deposits of an island arc caldera and how they relate to a recharging intra-caldera volcano. Our results demonstrate that Kameni Volcano has been capable of producing a major VEI 5 explosive eruption in the recent past. This changes the prevailing view that Kameni Volcano has been in a predominately effusive state since the Minoan eruption 14 and implies that the Santorini volcanic system has been capable of producing highly explosive eruptions in its current early stage in the caldera cycle.

Although historical records described the extent of the 726  ce eruption 17 , traces of this event were limited to a thin pumice layer on Palea Kameni 29 . Previous volcanic hazard assessments considered the 726  ce eruption as a worst-case eruptive scenario for Santorini 34 , 35 but assumed a significantly smaller eruption magnitude (VEI 3–4) than our study shows 34 , 35 . Pumice from the 726  ce eruption may have travelled across the Aegean Sea reaching the coasts of Asia Minor 17 , 26 . A similar eruptive event today would have severe consequences not only for the inhabitants of Santorini and its neighbouring islands but also for the broader eastern Mediterranean 6 . Eruption phenomena may include tsunamis generated by submarine explosions, extensive pumice rafts and large airborne ash plumes with significant impacts on coastal communities, aviation, maritime transportation and submarine cables 36 .

In addition to explosive eruptions, sector collapses are another major hazard for marine volcanoes, as demonstrated by the catastrophic collapses of Mount Mayuyama in 1792  ce 37 , Ritter Island in 1888  ce 38 and Anak Krakatau in 2018  ce 39 . Similar to Anak Krakatau, Kameni Volcano developed on a topographic step in a flooded caldera 40 . This step corresponds to the Kameni Line, a northeast–southwest-directed active volcano–tectonic lineament 24 . To the northwest, Kameni Volcano lies on the edge of a subcircular depression that lies at ~280 mbsf (Figs. 3c and 4c ) and coincides with the focus of 2011–2012 ground deformation 18 , 24 . Our study indicates that significant parts of the submarine cone of Kameni Volcano consist of the unconsolidated pumice and ash deposits from the 726  ce eruption (Fig. 5b–d ). The lava flows of Nea Kameni were emplaced on top of the up-to-20° steep slopes of these deposits 21 (Fig. 5b ), making the volcano prone to flank instability. Volcanic slope failure occurred during the 1650  ce eruption of Kolumbo Volcano 7 km northeast of Santorini (Fig. 1b ), contributing to tsunamis on the neighbouring islands 41 , 42 . A comparable flank collapse of Kameni Volcano should be considered a potential hazard scenario for the region.

Our findings stress the need for the monitoring of shoreline crossing and early warning strategies for Santorini, with more than 15,000 residents and more than 2,000,000 tourist visitors each year 42 . Santorini is one of the best-studied marine volcanoes in the world 8 , yet the presence of vast amounts of pumice within the caldera from a historical Kameni eruption has remained unrecognized until now. This highlights the incompleteness of onshore eruption archives for explosive submarine eruptions. Our study raises the question as to whether other recharging silicic calderas have also been unexpectedly explosive, which has important implications for hazard assessments. Understanding the past and present behaviour of active calderas is key to forecasting their future behaviour and is crucial for assessing regional and global eruption risk 43 , 44 .

Deep-sea drilling

The IODP Expedition 398 took place from December 2022 to February 2023 onboard the scientific drilling vessel RV JOIDES Resolution . It drilled a total of 12 sites in and around the Christiana–Santorini–Kolumbo volcanic field 22 . The expedition encompassed a standard suite of shipboard physical property measurements carried out on the recovered cores 46 . Comprehensive core logging and description utilized established pyroclastic terminology, accounting for drilling and recovery artefacts such as sediment mixing, shear-induced uparching, brecciation, biscuiting and ash liquefaction.

To obtain the most complete recovery, multiple cores with small offsets of ~50 m at each site were anticipated to close recovery gaps of the first core. However, challenging drilling conditions prevented this for the intra-caldera Sites U1594 and U1597, which were only drilled with a single hole. Three holes were drilled at Site U1595 and two holes were drilled at Site U1596. To combine adjacent holes, stratigraphic correlation was applied, which had the goal of identifying overlapping intervals in adjacent holes and splicing them together to derive the most complete subsurface section. Stratigraphic correlation used core imagery but was primarily based on the physical properties of the recovered cores. Shipboard physical property measurements were conducted on all cores obtained during the expedition (source: https://iodp.tamu.edu/labs/index.html ). For stratigraphic correlation, we analysed the physical properties measured using the whole round multisensor logger (WRMSL) for magnetic susceptibility and gamma-ray attenuation (GRA), as well as the gamma-ray track for Natural Gamma Radiation intensity. On this basis, we applied shifts to the cores when necessary to establish a composite depth scale. Afterwards, the most representative single continuous sedimentary section was created by splicing intervals from multiple holes.

Bathymetry and seismic data

The digital elevation model (DEM) used in this study was created by combining various data sources. These included satellite-derived Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data, a community-sourced DEM obtained from the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet), data collected during the GEOWARN project aboard the RV Aegaeo and data from the PROTEUS seismic tomography project acquired on the RV Marcus G. Langseth . The lateral resolution of the swath dataset is 20 m, which was obtained using the SeaBeam 2120 20 kHz swath system on the RV Aegaeo and the Simrad Kongsberg EM 122 12 kHz multibeam echo sounder on the RV Marcus Langseth .

The seismic data used in this study are from four cruises between 2006 and 2019 47 , 48 . Single-channel seismic data were acquired in 2006 during the THERA project on the RV Aegaeo . As the seismic source, a G pulser with a volume of 10 in 3 was used. The general processing comprised simple bandpass filtering (15–500 Hz), de-spiking, predictive deconvolution for the suppression of a strong bubble signal, and spherical divergence correction. To migrate the data, we binned the shot points into a regular spacing of 10 m. After migration, we applied a top mute and white-noise removal. The vertical resolution of these data can be approximated to 8–15 m (using the λ /4- or λ /2-approximation, where λ is the wavelength) within the shallow sediments (velocity = 1,900 m s −1 ).

For cruise POS338 with the RV Poseidon , a GI pulser was used and operated in true GI mode with a primary (generator) volume of 45 in 3 and a secondary (injector) volume of 105 in 3 . Using a 600 m analogue streamer with 24 channels, we defined a common midpoint (CMP) spacing of 12.5 m. Processing of these data comprised trace editing, simple frequency filtering (10–500 Hz), suppression of a receiver-ghost signal by predictive deconvolution, surface-related multiple elimination as well as spherical divergence correction, pre-stack time migration followed by top muting and white-noise removal. These data have a main frequency of 60 Hz, indicating a vertical resolution of approximately 8–15 m.

Another dataset was collected in 2015 using a Delta Sparker and a 100 -m-long streamer containing 24 channels. Processing comprised trace editing, simple frequency filtering (100–1,500 Hz), de-spiking, normal moveout correction using a constant velocity (1,500 m s −1 ) and CMP stacking, as well as post-stack migration (10 m CMP spacing) and white-noise removal. These data have a main frequency of 300 Hz, indicating a high vertical resolution of approximately 2.5–5 m.

During the most recent cruise POS538 in 2019, we acquired seismic data with a much higher lateral resolution (a CMP spacing of ~1.56 m (ref. 47 )). As a seismic source, we used a GI pulser that was operated in harmonic mode with primary and secondary volumes of 45 in 3 . Seismic energy was recorded as multiple concatenated Geometrics GeoEel streamer segments, resulting in active streamer sections ranging from 190 m to 250 m in length. Processing comprised trace editing, simple frequency filtering (15–1500 Hz) and multiple suppression via surface-related multiple elimination. This was followed by spherical divergence correction, time-variant frequency filtering, pre-stack time migration, top muting and white-noise removal. With a main frequency of 125 Hz, the vertical resolution can be approximated to 4–8 m.

The processing of seismic data was done using the VISTA seismic processing software (Schlumberger). Seismic interpretation and mapping used the KingdomSuite software (S&P Global) and Petrel software (Schlumberger). All seismic profiles were combined and homogenized in a consistent interpretation project, and a regional seismo-stratigraphic framework was incorporated 45 , 49 , 50 , 51 .

Supplementary Figure 3a,b shows maps of units S1 and S2 interpolated through the Kameni edifice to provide maximum volumes. Supplementary Figure 3c shows the mapped thickness of the proposed lava flow between units S2 and S3. Supplementary Figure 3d shows all seismic profiles used for mapping the intra-caldera deposits. The scientific colour map batlowK used in Supplementary Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 was used in this study to prevent visual distortion of the data and the exclusion of readers with colour vision deficiencies 52 .

Physical property measurements

All four boreholes were integrated with the seismic data to identify key stratigraphic marker horizons using the reservoir characterization software HampsonRussell (GeoSoftware). This was based on shipboard measurements of P-wave velocities and densities of the cores. Continuous P-wave velocities and GRA densities were measured onboard the RV JOIDES Resolution using the WRMSL. The sampling for WRMSL measurements was 2.5 cm, with an integration time of 3 s for each measurement. The reliabilities of the WRMSL measurements were assessed by passing a single core liner filled with deionized water through the WRMSL after every core.

The WRMSL compressional wave velocity sensor measured the travel time of 500 kHz ultrasonic waves across the whole core while it remained in the core liner. The waves were transmitted to the core by plastic transducer contacts connected to linear actuators. To ensure coupling between the transducers and the core liner, pressure was applied to the actuators, and water was dripped along the outside of the core liners to enhance the physical connection with the actuators.

The bulk density was calculated by measuring the attenuation of gamma rays as they passed through the core. Ray attenuation is dominated by Compton scattering and depends on the density and thickness of the sample. Gamma rays with an energy of 0.662 MeV are generated using a 137 Cs source core 53 , 54 and pass through the entire diameter of the core. The GRA detector recorded these gamma rays using a 75 × 75 mm sodium iodide detector. The spatial resolution of the GRA is <1 cm.

In addition, discrete P-wave and density measurements were conducted on the working halves of the split cores. For P-waves, entire working halves of split cores were measured with a calliper transducer wetted with deionized water to ensure optimal contact. The sampling interval was approximately 40–50 cm, depending on the lithologic variability of each core section. For the measurements, Panametrics-NDT Microscan delay line transducers at 500 kHz were used. A total of 925 P-wave velocity measurements from the four intra-caldera sites were conducted.

Volume estimation and DRE conversion

The bulk volumes of seismic units were estimated using shipboard P-wave velocities measured on the recovered cores. The DRE conversion factor quantifies the volume of magma erupted in comparison with the deposit volume, after eliminating all pore space from vesicles and intergranular voids. To determine this conversion factor, several measurements are taken from samples obtained through coring using the moisture and density facilities on the RV JOIDES Resolution . These measurements include the water content, bulk density, grain density and solid density.

A dual-balance system, utilizing two Mettler-Toledo XS204 analytical balances, was used to measure wet and dry masses. One balance served as a reference, while the other measured the unknown mass, compensating for ship motion. Before weighing sample-standard pairs, the balances were ‘tared’ to zero based on the average of 300 measurements, with this process repeated every 6 h. Standard weights, similar in value to the sample’s weight, were placed on the reference balance, while the sample was placed on the balance for measuring the unknown mass. The reported sample mass represents the average of 300 measurements. If the reference and sample masses differed by more than 2 g, the measurement was aborted and repeated after adjusting the weights on the reference balance. Typically, the wet samples range from 10 to 20 g.

Following sample collection, the wet sample mass was immediately measured. The dry sample mass and volume were determined after drying the samples in a convection oven at a temperature of 105 ± 5 °C for 24 h, followed by cooling in a desiccator for 3 h. The dry volume was measured using a shipboard helium-displacement pycnometer with a precision of ±0.04 cm 3 . Each volume value represents the average of three measurements. These measurements were utilized in the calculation of sediment properties and subsequent determination of the DRE conversion factor.

Calculation of the sediment bulk density, dry density, grain density, porosity and void ratio followed the conventional ODP/IODP approach, assuming a porewater salinity of 0.035 ml −1 and a density of 1.024 g cm −3 . The presence of isolated vesicles entirely enclosed by glass in pumice clasts can result in the measured grain density being lower than the solid density. To address this, we use the maximum recorded grain density as a proxy for the solid density (2,660 kg m −3 ). Eighty-six moisture and density samples of the caldera deposits were analysed across four sites and seven holes.

Chemical analyses

To decipher the provenance of unit L2 and compare it with other marine tephras we utilized geochemical glass-shard compositions of marine tephras of nearby marine gravity cores as well as the previously established glass-compositional reference data for terrestrial Aegean arc tephras 7 , 31 comprising data from deposits of all known eruptions that potentially contribute to the basins in the region of the Christiana–Santorini–Kolumbo volcanic field.

The 63–125 μm fraction of the samples was embedded with epoxy resin into 12 pre-drilled holes in acrylic mounts and polished to facilitate measurements using a JEOL JXA-8200 wavelength-dispersive electron microprobe (with an accelerating voltage of 15 kV, a beam current of 6 nA and a 10-μm-diameter electron beam) at GEOMAR, Kiel for major elements (Supplementary Tables 3 – 5 ). Accuracy was monitored via standard measurements on Lipari obsidian and Smithsonian basaltic standard VGA99 (two measurements each after every 60 analyses). To address the effects of variable post-depositional hydration and minor deviations in focusing of the electron beam, all analyses with totals of >90 wt% were renormalized to 100%.

The trace element contents of glass shards were analysed using LA-ICP-MS (laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) at the Academia Sinica in Taipei, Taiwan as well as the Laboratory of Magmatism and Volcanism in Clermont-Ferrand, France using 193 nm excimer lasers with beam sizes of 24–30 µm and Agilent 7500 or 7900 ICP-MS instruments (Supplementary Table 6 ). As internal standards, 43 Ca concentrations were used that have been determined using the electron microprobe (CaO oxide contents (in wt%)) on the same glass shard. The external standard was NIST 612 and secondary standard BCR was used as certified reference material. GLITTER ( http://www.glitter-gemoc.com ) software was used to reduce the data and calibrate with standards to obtain trace element concentrations. The analytical precision was better than 10% for most trace elements with limits of detection of <100 ppb for most trace elements and ~10 ppb for rare earth elements. Both laboratories resulted in the same trace element concentrations and ratios within analytical uncertainty for the same samples. For further details, the reader is referred to refs. 7 , 31 .

Data availability

The findings of this study are supported by openly available DEM data. In addition, the findings of this study are supported by openly available EMODnet and PROTEUS data, which can be found on the EMODnet bathymetry portal at https://portal.emodnet-bathymetry.eu . The hosting of the data is done by the CitationEMODnet Bathymetry Consortium (2018) and can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.12770/18ff0d48-b203-4a65-94a9-5fd8b0ec35f6 . The high-resolution seismic reflection profiles obtained during POS538 can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.956579 .

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Acknowledgements

The samples and data used in this study were provided by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). We express our gratitude to the technical staff of the RV JOIDES Resolution for their dedicated efforts in achieving the scientific objectives of Expedition 398, as well as to all the individuals aboard the ship for contributing to an exceptional experience. We would like to extend special thanks to B. Rhinehart, C. Peng and our colleagues for their invaluable assistance in overcoming numerous challenges, and to K. Petronotis and the leadership of IODP for their support. In addition, we would like to acknowledge the member organizations of IODP for financial support, and the Municipality of Thera for their assistance in expedition preparations. Furthemore, we thank the captains and crews of RV Poseidon Expeditions POS338 and POS538. J.P. was supported by the German Research Foundation (Grant Hu698/27). The contribution of T.D. is part of the laboratory of Excellence ClerVolc (Laboratory of Excellence ClerVolc Contribution Number 627).

Open access funding provided by Universität Hamburg.

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Institute of Geophysics, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

Jonas Preine & Christian Hübscher

GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany

Jens Karstens, Steffen Kutterolf, Katharina Pank & Gareth Crutchley

University Clermont-Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Clermont-Ferrand, France

Tim Druitt & Abigail Metcalfe

Department of Geology and Geoenvironment, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Paraskevi Nomikou & Dimitrios Papanikolaou

Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

Michael Manga

School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Keele University, Keele, UK

Ralf Gertisser

College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA

Sarah Beethe

Institut De Physique Du Globe De Paris, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France

Carole Berthod

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan

Iona McIntosh

International Ocean Discovery Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

Thomas Ronge & Zenon Mateo

Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA

Masako Tominaga

School of Natural Sciences/CODES, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

Acacia Clark

Geology Department, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA

Susan DeBari

School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Raymond Johnston

Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA

Ally Peccia

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

Christopher Jones

Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA

Günther Kletetschka

Charles University, Faculty of Science, Prague, Czech Republic

Laboratoire des Fluides Complexes et leurs Réservoirs, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, Pau, France

Alexis Bernard

School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China

Faculty of International Resource Sciences, Akita University, Akita, Japan

Shun Chiyonobu

Department of Geology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA

Tatiana Fernandez-Perez

Solid Earth Research Group, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, India

Kumar Batuk Joshi

School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece

Olga Koukousioura

University of Cologne, Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Cologne, Germany

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

Molly McCanta

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK

Antony Morris

Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Greece

Paraskevi Polymenakou

Institute for Geophysics, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA

Adam Woodhouse

School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

Yuzuru Yamamoto

Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

Kuo-Lung Wang & Hao-Yang Lee

Department of Geosciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Kuo-Lung Wang

Key Laboratory of Submarine Geoscience and Prospecting Techniques, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China

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Contributions

Conceptualization was by J.P. and J.K. Data curation was by A.B., A.C, A. Morris, A.P., A.W., C.B., C.J., C.H., G.K., H.C., I.M., J.P., K.B.J., K.P., M. Manga, M. McCanta, M.T., O.K., P.N., P.P., R.G., R.J., S.B., S.C., S.D., S.K., T.F.-P., T.R., T.D., Y.Y. and Z.M. Formal analysis was by J.P., A. Metcalfe, G.C., H.-Y.L., J.K., K.-L.W., K.P., M. Manga, S.K. and T.D. Investigation was by A.C., A.P., C.B., I.M., J.P., K.P., M. Manga, M.T., P.N., R.G., R.J., S.B. and S.D. Methodology was by C.H., G.C., J.K., J.P. and Z.M. Project administration was by C.H., P.N., S.K., T.R., T.D. and J.P. Resources were by C.H., P.N., S.K., T.D., J.P. and J.K. Software was by C.H., J.P., G.C. and J.K. Visualization was by J.K., J.P. and S.K. Writing (draught) was by J.P. and J.K. Writing (editing) was by J.K., C.H., S.K., T.D., R.G., C.B., C.J., G.C., G.K., I.M., M. Manga, M.T., S.B. and T.R. Writing (review) was by A.B., A.C, A. Metcalfe, A. Morris, A.P., A.W., C.B., C.J., C.H., D.P., G.C., G.K., H.C., H.-Y.L., I.M., J.K., J.P., K.B.J., K.-L.W., K.P., M. Manga, M. McCanta, M.T., O.K., P.N., P.P., R.G., R.J., S.B., S.C., S.D., S.K., T.F.-P., T.R., T.D., X.L., Y.Y. and Z.M.

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Correspondence to Jonas Preine .

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Extended data

Extended data fig. 1 seismic profile across the western flank of kameni volcano and the southern caldera basin..

a , b , Un-interpreted ( a ) and interpreted ( b ) version of a seismic profile crossing the western breach, the western flank of the Kameni edifice and the southern caldera basin with Sites U1595 and U1594. Note that Site U1595 marks the intersection of two seismic profiles acquired with different acquisition parameters, introducing a lateral change in seismic resolution. c , Map of Santorini caldera showing the location of the seismic profile in ( a ) and ( b ).

Extended Data Fig. 2 Seismic profile across the northwestern flank of Kameni volcano and the northern caldera basin.

a , b , Un-interpreted ( a ) and interpreted ( b ) version of a seismic profile crossing the western breach, the northwestern flank of the Kameni edifice and the northern caldera basin. c , Map of Santorini caldera showing the location of the seismic profile in ( a ) and ( b ).

Extended Data Fig. 3 Seismic profile across the northern caldera basin.

a , b , Un-interpreted ( a ) and interpreted ( b ) version of a seismic profile crossing the northern caldera basin with Site U1596. c , Map of Santorini caldera showing the location of the seismic profile in ( a ) and ( b ).

Extended Data Fig. 4 Chemical compositions of glasses from the 726 Eruption.

a – d , Trace element ratio plots showing the compositional field of glass-shards of marine ash layers (normalized to 100 wt% anhydrous compositions) recovered in the Anhydros basin within POS513 (core 15) (Kutterolf et al., 2021a,b) as well as from the pumice layer of Unit L2 (U1595A-4H-4; U1595A-5H-3) within the caldera basin compared with glass-compositions from onshore CSK volcanic complex, Milos, and Kolumbo tephra. The legend at the bottom identifies colored composition fields of the onshore/proximal tephras. All analyses correlate with the onshore Kameni compositional field of the 726 CE eruption.

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Supplementary Figs. 1–5, Tables 1–6 and References.

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Preine, J., Karstens, J., Hübscher, C. et al. Hazardous explosive eruptions of a recharging multi-cyclic island arc caldera. Nat. Geosci. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01392-7

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Received : 27 September 2023

Accepted : 02 February 2024

Published : 25 March 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01392-7

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