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[2023] Hydrofoil Catamaran: The Ultimate Guide to Foiling on Water

• November 1, 2023
• Hydrofoil Basics

Experience the thrill of flying above the water with a hydrofoil catamaran!

Are you ready to take your hydrofoil boarding to the next level? Look no further than the hydrofoil catamaran. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll dive deep into the world of hydrofoil catamarans, exploring their history, how they work, their benefits and drawbacks, and everything else you need to know to make an informed decision. So, buckle up and get ready to soar above the waves!

Table of Contents

Quick answer, quick tips and facts, how does a hydrofoil catamaran work, benefits of hydrofoil catamarans, drawbacks of hydrofoil catamarans, choosing the right hydrofoil catamaran, maintenance and care, recommended links, reference links.

A hydrofoil catamaran is a type of watercraft that combines the stability of a catamaran with the lift and speed of hydrofoils. It uses specially designed foils to lift the hulls out of the water, reducing drag and allowing for faster and smoother sailing. Hydrofoil catamarans are popular among sailors and water sports enthusiasts for their incredible speed, maneuverability, and thrilling foiling experience.

Shopping Links: Hydrofoil Catamarans on Amazon | Hydrofoil Catamarans on Walmart | Hydrofoil Catamarans on Etsy

• Hydrofoil catamarans can reach speeds of up to 40 knots (46 mph) or more, depending on the design and conditions.
• The foils on a hydrofoil catamaran can lift the hulls out of the water, reducing drag and allowing for a smoother and faster ride.
• Hydrofoil catamarans are used for various purposes, including racing, recreational sailing, and even transportation.
• Foiling on a hydrofoil catamaran requires some skill and practice, but it’s an exhilarating experience once you get the hang of it.
• Hydrofoil catamarans come in different sizes and designs, catering to different skill levels and preferences.

Hydrofoil catamarans have a fascinating history that dates back to the early 20th century. The concept of using hydrofoils to lift boats out of the water and reduce drag was first explored by Italian engineer Enrico Forlanini in the late 1800s. However, it wasn’t until the 1950s that hydrofoil technology started to gain traction in the boating world.

The first hydrofoil catamaran, known as the “Aquavion,” was developed by the French engineer René Guilbaud in the 1950s. This innovative design combined the stability of a catamaran with the lift of hydrofoils, revolutionizing the world of sailing. Since then, hydrofoil catamarans have evolved and become more advanced, offering incredible speed, maneuverability, and stability on the water.

A hydrofoil catamaran works by utilizing hydrofoils, which are wing-like structures mounted underneath the hulls of the boat. These foils generate lift as the boat gains speed, lifting the hulls out of the water and reducing drag. This lift allows the hydrofoil catamaran to achieve higher speeds and a smoother ride compared to traditional boats.

The hydrofoils on a catamaran are typically designed with a curved shape, similar to an airplane wing. This shape creates a pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the foil, generating lift. The foils are usually adjustable, allowing the sailor to fine-tune the performance of the catamaran based on the sailing conditions.

To control the hydrofoil catamaran, sailors use a combination of steering and sail trim. By adjusting the angle of the foils and the sails, they can optimize the lift and balance of the boat, ensuring a stable and efficient ride. It takes some practice to master the art of foiling on a hydrofoil catamaran, but the rewards are well worth the effort.

Hydrofoil catamarans offer a range of benefits that make them a popular choice among sailors and water sports enthusiasts. Here are some of the key advantages of hydrofoil catamarans:

Speed : Hydrofoil catamarans are known for their incredible speed. By lifting the hulls out of the water, hydrofoils reduce drag and allow the boat to glide smoothly above the waves. This enables hydrofoil catamarans to reach impressive speeds, making them a thrilling choice for racing and high-performance sailing.

Maneuverability : The lift generated by hydrofoils enhances the maneuverability of catamarans. With reduced drag, hydrofoil catamarans can make sharp turns and quick maneuvers with ease. This agility is particularly useful in racing scenarios, where every second counts.

Stability : The dual-hull design of catamarans provides inherent stability, even at high speeds. When combined with hydrofoils, the stability of hydrofoil catamarans is further enhanced. This stability makes them suitable for sailors of all skill levels, from beginners to experienced professionals.

Efficiency : Hydrofoil catamarans are more efficient than traditional boats. By reducing drag, hydrofoils allow the boat to sail faster while using less power. This increased efficiency translates to longer sailing distances and reduced fuel consumption, making hydrofoil catamarans an environmentally friendly choice.

Versatility : Hydrofoil catamarans are versatile watercraft that can be used for various purposes. Whether you’re looking for a high-performance racing catamaran or a recreational sailboat for family outings, there’s a hydrofoil catamaran to suit your needs. Some models even offer the option to switch between foiling and non-foiling modes, providing flexibility on the water.

While hydrofoil catamarans offer numerous benefits, it’s important to consider their drawbacks as well. Here are a few potential downsides to keep in mind:

Cost : Hydrofoil catamarans tend to be more expensive than traditional boats. The advanced technology and materials used in their construction contribute to the higher price tag. Additionally, maintenance and repairs can also be costly, especially if specialized parts or services are required.

Learning Curve : Foiling on a hydrofoil catamaran requires some skill and practice. It can take time to learn how to control the boat effectively and maintain stability while flying above the water. Beginners may find the learning curve steep, but with dedication and proper instruction, anyone can master the art of hydrofoil catamaran sailing.

Weather Conditions : Hydrofoil catamarans are sensitive to weather conditions. While they excel in flat water and moderate winds, rough seas and strong gusts can pose challenges. It’s important to be aware of the weather forecast and choose suitable sailing conditions to ensure a safe and enjoyable experience.

Transportation and Storage : Hydrofoil catamarans can be larger and bulkier than traditional boats, making transportation and storage more challenging. Specialized trailers or racks may be required to transport the catamaran, and adequate storage space is needed to protect it when not in use.

Despite these drawbacks, the thrill and excitement of foiling on a hydrofoil catamaran outweigh the challenges for many sailing enthusiasts.

When it comes to choosing the right hydrofoil catamaran, there are several factors to consider. Here are some key points to keep in mind:

Skill Level : Consider your skill level and experience as a sailor. Some hydrofoil catamarans are designed for advanced sailors, while others are more beginner-friendly. Choose a catamaran that matches your skill level to ensure a safe and enjoyable sailing experience.

Intended Use : Determine how you plan to use the hydrofoil catamaran. Are you looking for a racing catamaran, a recreational sailboat, or something in between? Different models offer varying features and performance characteristics, so it’s essential to choose a catamaran that aligns with your intended use.

Budget : Set a budget for your hydrofoil catamaran purchase. Prices can vary significantly depending on the brand, model, and features. Consider both the upfront cost and the long-term maintenance expenses when determining your budget.

Brand and Reputation : Research different brands and their reputation in the hydrofoil catamaran industry. Look for brands with a track record of producing high-quality, reliable catamarans. Reading customer reviews and seeking recommendations from experienced sailors can also provide valuable insights.

Demo and Test Sails : Whenever possible, try out different hydrofoil catamarans before making a final decision. Many manufacturers and dealers offer demo and test sails, allowing you to experience the performance and handling of the catamaran firsthand. This hands-on experience can help you make an informed choice.

Remember, choosing the right hydrofoil catamaran is a personal decision that depends on your individual preferences and needs. Take your time, do your research, and consult with experts to find the perfect catamaran for your hydrofoil adventures.

Proper maintenance and care are essential to keep your hydrofoil catamaran in top shape and ensure its longevity. Here are some maintenance tips to help you keep your catamaran performing at its best:

Rinse with Fresh Water : After each sailing session, rinse your hydrofoil catamaran with fresh water to remove salt and debris. Pay special attention to the foils, as saltwater can cause corrosion over time.

Inspect for Damage : Regularly inspect your catamaran for any signs of damage or wear. Check the foils, hulls, rigging, and sails for any cracks, dents, or loose fittings. Address any issues promptly to prevent further damage.

Store Properly : When not in use, store your hydrofoil catamaran in a dry and secure location. If possible, keep it covered to protect it from the elements. Consider using a boat cover or storing it in a boat shed or garage.

Follow Manufacturer’s Guidelines : Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for maintenance and care. Each catamaran may have specific recommendations for cleaning, lubrication, and other maintenance tasks. Adhering to these guidelines will help prolong the life of your catamaran.

Seek Professional Assistance : If you’re unsure about any maintenance tasks or need assistance, don’t hesitate to seek professional help. Local boatyards, sailing clubs, or authorized dealers can provide expert advice and services to keep your catamaran in optimal condition.

By following these maintenance tips and caring for your hydrofoil catamaran, you can enjoy many years of thrilling foiling adventures on the water.

How fast is the hydrofoil catamaran?

Hydrofoil catamarans can reach impressive speeds, depending on various factors such as the design, wind conditions, and skill of the sailor. Some high-performance hydrofoil catamarans can exceed 40 knots (46 mph) or more. However, the exact speed will vary based on these factors.

How does a foil catamaran work?

A foil catamaran, also known as a hydrofoil catamaran, works by utilizing hydrofoils to lift the hulls out of the water. These foils generate lift as the boat gains speed, reducing drag and allowing for faster and smoother sailing. The lift created by the foils enables the catamaran to “fly” above the water, resulting in increased speed and improved performance.

What happened to hydrofoils?

Hydrofoils have a rich history and have been used in various applications, including passenger ferries, military vessels, and recreational boats. While hydrofoils experienced a surge in popularity in the mid-20th century, their use declined in some sectors due to factors such as high costs, maintenance challenges, and the development of alternative technologies. However, hydrofoils continue to be used in niche markets, including high-performance sailing and racing.

Read more about “… What is the World’s Largest Hydrofoil Boat?”

Are hydrofoil boats more efficient?

Yes, hydrofoil boats are generally more efficient than traditional boats. By lifting the hulls out of the water, hydrofoils reduce drag and allow the boat to sail faster while using less power. This increased efficiency translates to longer sailing distances and reduced fuel consumption. However, it’s important to note that the efficiency gains may vary depending on factors such as the design, sailing conditions, and skill of the sailor.

Hydrofoil catamarans offer an exhilarating and thrilling experience on the water. With their incredible speed, maneuverability, and stability, they have become a favorite among sailors and water sports enthusiasts. While they may come with a higher price tag and require some skill to master, the rewards of foiling on a hydrofoil catamaran are well worth it.

When choosing a hydrofoil catamaran, consider factors such as your skill level, intended use, budget, and the reputation of the brand. Take the time to research and test different models to find the perfect catamaran for your needs.

So, are you ready to take flight on a hydrofoil catamaran? Embrace the thrill, experience the freedom, and enjoy the incredible sensation of soaring above the water. Happy foiling!

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Leaders in their respective fields, the team's expertise ranges from technology and electronics to fashion, luxury goods, outdoor and sports equipment, and even food and beverages. Their years of dedication and acute understanding of their sectors have given them an uncanny ability to discern the most subtle nuances of product design, functionality, and overall quality.

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LINX TENDERS ARE HIGH-SPEED HYDROFOIL-SUPPORTED PLANING CATAMARANS

Shallow draft catamaran hulls, linx30 highlights.

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180 nm at 24 kts

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From 3000 kg

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400 - 600 l

HYDROFOIL SUPPORTED PLANING CATAMARAN

Hull technology (hspc), excellent stability for sport fishing and diving, twin inboard diesels, or twin outboard engine options, customisable deck options - open layout, or cabin versions, folding carbon fibre bimini & low profile hull for onboard stowage, customisable options.

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Designed with a singular vision...To deliver unmatched performance and efficiency!

Introducing the insetta 35ifc  – the bar has been raised.

The Insetta 35IFC was designed with a singular vision… to be the best-performing center console sport fishing catamaran in its class.  Enjoy unmatched performance, range, and efficiency thanks to the 35IFC’s hydrofoil-assisted design.

In addition to being the best High-Performance Fishing Catamaran in its class, it also provides a smoother and dryer ride in the rough stuff!

This boat was designed for people who fish, by people who fish!  From its integrated livewells to its cavernous coffin boxes, level open deck layout, massive insulated storage and so much more, this boat was designed for maximum range and fishability!

Here’s what our customers have to say: “Holy crap do I love my 35 IFC with the Merc 300 V8’s on the back. We ran her down to Key Largo the other day, snorkeled all day, got lunch at Shipwrecks Bar and Grill, and ran back. Cruised between 40 and 45 mph, mostly around 42. So smooth it’s nuts. Burned maaaayyybe 40 gallons for the whole day. As we cruised the dashboard was telling us between 1.7 and 1.8 mpg, but I’m pretty sure we cruised more than 40 miles and burned between 35 and 40 gallons, no more. So… suffice it to say that you guys have absolutely crushed it and changed the game here. Fantastic work”! – Alan, Hull #4

Check out our FAQ’s section below for more about the Insetta 35 with  IFC!

Specifications

Length Overall

Maximum Beam

Maximum Draft

Fuel Capacity

Cruise Speed

Cruise Miles Per Gallon (MPG)

Over 850 miles*

Cruise Range

Standard Features

Standard “Insetta White” Gelcoat Molded in Diamond Non-Skid Tackle Storage Stbd Side Tackle Storage Port Side 19 Gallon Freshwater Washdown/Shower 5 x In Deck Storage Hatch 2 x In Deck Macerated Fish Boxes 625 Qt Insulated Coffin Box, Split Boxes Walk through Transom Access (Door Optional) Two 36 gallon Integrated Transom Livewells Fresh and Raw Water Washdown 34 Rod Holders (gunnels and coffin box) 7 Stainless Gemlux Pull-Up Cleats LED Navigation Lights Boarding Ladder

Recessed Stainless Bow Rail

Helm / Console

Fiberglass Hardtop with Powder Coated Aluminum Supports Tempered Safety Glass Enclosure for Console 6 Integral Rod Holders Built into Rear Support Molded Fiberglass Leaning Post with Rear Face Seating and cooler 3 Wide Helm Seats 6 S/S Cup Holders Storage Box and Rigging Tray on Rear Facing Seat Storage Drawers Under Helm Seats 165 Qt Leaning Post Ice Box Located Under Rear Face Seats

Base Upholstery

Equipment and Electronics

3 Part Internal Foil System

3 Pump Capacity Sea Chest with Dual Livewell Pumps & Raw Water Feed

4 1100 GPH Bilge Pumps (2 in Each Sponson)

Standard Capacities

490 gallon fuel capacity.

625 Qt Insulated Coffin Box with Divider

165 Qt Leaning Post Ice box

Dual 36 Gallon Livewells

19 Gallon Freshwater

Frequently Asked Questions

IFC is Insetta Boatwork's Internal Foiling System.

You can expect a significant increase in cruise speed; Improved handling and stability in rough conditions; Better acceleration; A boat that is less affected by increased payload; A 20-40% increase in fuel efficiency; and a 20-40% further cruise range! Additionally, the IFC technology will also provide a drier ride in choppy conditions and Provide for more responsiveness when turning at speed!

The system is a fixed setup, there is nothing to operate and there are zero moving parts.

The IFC Technology in effect smooths out rough seas by allowing the boat to run from wave crest to wave crest at a relatively smooth and stable attitude. The IFC System creates lift which help to in effect “Carry” the hull higher in the water. The system acts as a set of wings carrying the boat at speed, keeping the hull from having to follow each wave across its entire contour. In other words the surface of the waves have less effect on the hull as the IFC system is lifting the boat. Additionally, the aerodynamic lift created by the catamaran hulls creates even more lift at the bow of the boat, keeping the nose high and preventing the “slamming” or sneezing found in other catamaran hulls.

No, you don’t. The foils are flush mounted to the bottom of the keels of each sponson (as well as up in the tunnel.) At its centerline the main foil of the IFC system is only slightly lower than the keel line. The boat will easily load onto a standard catamaran trailer. There is no big contraption hanging way down under the boat.

Remember, the foils are INTERNAL to the tunnel. At its lowest point the main foil is only slightly lower than the hull and is higher than the props. Because of this the odds of striking the foils are extremely low. The boat is designed to be lifted by the foil. The structural integrity of the foil system is such that the weight of the boat could be supported many times over by the foil. As such, if you did somehow manage to strike the foil on something EXTREMELY SUBSTANTIAL, like a stone shoal, the likely outcome is that you may (in a very worst case scenario) bend or break a foil wing. If that were to happen, you could still operate the boat to port with the remaining foils. The IFC foils are made from a very high-grade stainless steel and designed to meet or exceed relevant guidelines for impact and strength.

As water travels through the tunnel and around the foil, a tremendous vortex is created. This force keeps most debris from being trapped in the tunnel or around the foil. Between the pressure of the air moving through the tunnel, and the vortex created in the water, the tunnel and foils will stay clean and clear.

The outboards of the 35 IFC are mounted on a slight outward angle to place the propellers properly to maximize the thrust and flow efficiency created as the water travels through the tunnel and around the foils. This mounting also helps the boat to lean into a corner, much like a monohull.

Firstly, we’d ask, “Why would you want to?” But the short answer is no. IFC is an integrated system that is integral to the design of the boat.

The short answer is that boats with technology similar to IFC have been in use for many years, but not in the recreational market. Commercial and Military applications are quite prevalent. The initial design of a hull and system like this is quite complex and can be cost prohibitive. We at Insetta feel the gains in efficiency, speed, range and ride quality far outweigh the initial design and build cost.

Upon deciding to build a foiling Cat, Insetta assembled a team of naval Architects and Marine Engineers to refine an existing and proven design. Using their own state of the art construction techniques, Insetta brought an application specific version to the fiberglass Center Console market.

Optional Features

Customizable Garmin or Simrad Electronics JL Audio 10 Speaker Stereo System Flush Mount Acrylic Helm Bow Shade Custom Gelcoat or Combination of Colors Deluxe Upholstery Third Center Livewell Under Rear Facing Seat 40 gallon Seadek Flooring or Flexiteek Decking Additional Gunnel Rod Holders (18 standard) Recessed Wireless Phone Chargers Swivel Base Rod Holders Outlets for Electric Reels Additional Drink Holders on Leaning Post, Coffin Box, Gunnels and Helm Forward/Rear/Side Spreader Lights T-Top Outrigger Bases/Poles Gemlux Electric Head With 19 Gallon Blackwater Holding Tank Freshwater Sink and Vanity Inside Console Underwater Lights Heavy Duty Dive Ladder LED Under Gunnel Lighting On-Board Battery Charger Windlass Custom Aluminum Trailer Cockpit Table/Bow Table

Why did Insetta Boatworks decide to build a boat with IFC?

For decades, Hydrofoil power boats have proven to be the most efficient craft for a variety of offshore operations.

While pursuing a B.S. in physics in 1960, Victor Insetta was employed doing anti-submarine research that utilized high speed Deep-V patrol boats equipped with hydrofoils. Their ability to pursue submarines at high speed, operate safely offshore, and, being foil borne: allowed their hull to run clear of the water avoiding direct hits from torpedoes. Decades later, Vic and his family rode comfortably on hydrofoil ferries in Italy, flying over white capped waves in the bay of Naples.

In 2017, The Insetta 45 was chosen to be the official chase boat of the America’s cup! Four 45’ Insetta’s catamarans were shipped to Bermuda to assist at various cup events. Sailboats, competing from several countries, were catamarans with hydrofoils ! The Insetta 45’s ran parallel to these “foiling sail cats” to assist with TV coverage. The sailing cats were traveling at speeds approaching 50 mph, 2 ½ times the wind speed . Efficient … you bet . They could also turn on a dime at over 40 mph…

It became obvious: that a foiling cat would make a great offshore outboard power boat… Many foil power boat designs in the past, had wide foils that stuck out the sides, increasing their beam and draft. It made them difficult to dock, and they couldn’t operate in shallow waters. Joel Shine (chief operating officer) of Insetta Boatworks found a catamaran design that had hydrofoils mounted in the tunnel, (that location between the tunnel walls actually improves their efficiency), and does not add to its draft. Further improvements could be added by using our ultra-light high strength infused composite construction.

Joel, Vic and our technical staff reviewed the foiling cat’s initial specifications and performance data, and then sea trialed two foiling cats with internal hydrofoils. Our staff includes a second physicist and pilot… Glen Dobbs. We are all active boaters and we determined we would build our version of a foiling outboard powered cat. We contacted a Naval architect, who designed several successful foiling power cats . He is now a member of our technical staff.

Our 35 “foiling cat” design has set the standard for Foil-Assisted Sportfishing boats. The hull, foils, materials, and engines are synergistically combined, to provide: unrivaled high-speed cruising efficiency , and provide safe offshore handling, with unimpeded shallow water operation, including beaching, without foils or props contacting the bottom.

Insetta 35IFC

The premier internal foiling catamaran.

Integrated 36 Gallon Livewells & 625 QT Coffin Box Standard

Designed to fish.

850+ Mile Range!

Best in Class MPG, Smoother/Dryer Ride!

Performance.

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HYSUCAT stands for Hydrofoil Supported Catamaran and describes a novel hullform developed by Prof. K.G. Hoppe at Stellenbosch University.  The design consists of a novel catamaran hull with a hydrofoil system located in the tunnel between the hulls of the vessel.

The hydrofoils support 40-60% of the craft’s weight at speed and lifts the hull partially out of the water.

As the hydrofoils have a much better lift to drag ratio (L/D=20) than a planing hull (L/D=5) the result is a craft with much lower resistance than a conventional planing hull.  This lower resistance can be applied effectively to:

• Increase the speed of the vessel without having to increase installed power
• Reduce the fuel consumption and increase the range of the boat
• Increase the payload of the vessel.

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FEATURE | The future of hydrofoils

The following is the presentation given at the fiftieth anniversary virtual symposium of the International Hydrofoil Society (IHS) by Professor Karl Gunter Wilhelm Hoppe – naval architect at the Technical University of Berlin, Emeritus Professor at Stellenbosch University in South Africa, and director at Foil Assisted Ship Technologies.

Hydrofoils are hybrids of a planing monohull with a foil system. Hydrofoils were developed over 100 years now with some high-tech applications in the 1960s and 1980s.

The fact that the IHS still exists means there is still strong public interest in hydrofoil development even though they are not anymore in the public news.

However, some of the later hydrofoils are still in operation in certain countries and especially the Russian river hydrofoils.  And yet the talk still goes around that hydrofoils are “drying out” and becoming relics that belong in museums.

Inevitably, a question has arisen after so many years have passed without virtually any new hydrofoils being built: Did we run out of experts to design hydrofoils and build them?

The clear answer is no, as hydrofoil systems have strong applications in sailboats now with extremely high tech applications reaching over 50 knots in much slower winds.

However, these are mainly sport sailboats. Why then did the hydrofoils seem to disappear?

One has to look carefully at the design of hydrofoils to find out what the real reasons of their neglect could be and find out what restraints are involved as well as the associated costs.

The two photos below show examples of hydrofoils.

There are many different foil forms and combinations with monohulls.

There are V-shape foil systems, flat type foils and deeply submerged foils; mostly all foils come in pairs for longitudinal stability. The fundamental design concept behind all hydrofoils is the idea that the foil must carry the full load weight of the craft, driving the hull out of the water and letting the foil carry all the weight with the hull being carried as deadweight, which is only there to supply sufficient buoyancy at rest and low speed.

The request for safe stability complicates the hydrofoils and this led to various ways, either to have fixed foil systems with the V-foils piercing the surface or later developments with full submerged foils and angular automatic foil control which ended up in the Boeing hydrofoils’ high-tech wave scanning system as used in aircraft – which increases costs considerably.

Another design request concerns the operation in open sea waves to let the hydrofoil platforming, which means it is not following the wave surface contour but runs on a horizontal plane. This required the foils to be deeply submerged with long struts to transmit the full weight force into the hull, which is not supposed to have any water contact when the hydrofoil is “foilborne.”

These foils and struts were of solid high tensile steel and had to have polished surfaces as the foils lose efficiency when the surfaces are rough.  In seawater, especially in warm, tropical areas, foils needed to be kept clean of fouling.

All these restraints led to expensive craft and high maintenance costs.

Propulsion systems are challenging with very long propeller shafts and low OPC data.  To get the hydrofoil rising at start speed, considerable power is required before it becomes foilborne.

In very bad weather only very slow speed can be used with bad efficiency and bad sea-keeping due to the low deadrise of hull. Turbine and air propulsion have low efficiency.

Hydrofoil wings at very high speed have to be extremely slender with low thickness over chord to prevent cavitation.  Such wings are highly stressed and bends and struts are required to carry the ship’s weight load.

These struts create additional resistance reducing craft efficiency. They also increase ship weight and costs.

Operational constraints

At speed, hydrofoils run high above the water. This increases their tendency to experience accidents when hitting floating objects. If these objects are solid like floating containers or floating trees, the hydrofoil will come to an abrupt standstill and crash into the sea with full power on.

Several fatalities were recorded in Hong Kong with the Boeing-type Hydrofoil ferries. Even the US Navy hydrofoil patrol boat USS Tucumcari had a serious accident wherein it struck a coral reef and ended up with some crewmembers sustaining serious – but non-life-threatening – injuries.

Hydrofoils require deep harbours and they cannot navigate in smaller harbors. They are not able to approach typical sandy beaches or land on one.

A Thai company had asked us to design a Hysucraft for beach landing as their Russian hydrofoil could not approach the beach to deliver passengers. The project did not materialise as local fishermen opposed the idea.

Hydrofoils, especially those used in defence applications, are easily detected by radar due to their higher profile compared to vessels with conventional hulls.

Hydrofoils also cannot manoeuvre alongside other ships because of protruding foils. Overland transport is complicated and special trailers are needed.

Yet with all these constraints, the classic hydrofoil vessels performed exceptionally well.  In 1960 to 1980, craft efficiency had no high priority and power, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions were not yet taken seriously.

Today, with climate change and CO2 reduction requirements, the pressure is on ship designers to optimise hydrofoil vessel design to ensure operating efficiency and low fuel consumption.

Also, the use of electric drive systems requires low power as batteries are very heavy still and guarantee only short ranges.

At the Stellenbosch University, RSA Marine Engineering courses were offered as early as the 1960s. The South African police and navy had requested assistance in the construction of fast patrol boats in the 10- to 15-metre range that could also operate at high speeds in extreme wind and wave conditions with short but very steep waves.

They had imported boats which did not function well and crews had to be retired already at age 40 because of damage to their kidneys and vertebrae.

We looked at offshore race boats and found that the so-called “tunnel boats” (actually split-deep-V-boats with a tunnel between two asymmetrical demi-hulls) performed best in rough sea conditions.  Because of the high deadrise (24 degrees or more), they needed significantly greater engine power compared to monohull vessels.

I proposed to fit a single foil in the tunnel of such a boat at keel height to carry some of the ship’s weight more efficiently at speed. The idea was rejected. However, I tried to prove its usefulness and built a small model for towing tank tests.

Using a simple foil design with a good feel for size and profile (K-profiles) and with my experience on hydrofoil tests in the Berlin towing tank years before and also my experience on propeller design, the model was built and tested.

Expecting a 20 per cent resistance reduction, I was surprised by a 40 per cent resistance reduction. This was certainly a welcome development!

My research project at the university was called the Hysucat (hydrofoil-supported catamaran) Development, and many towing tank tests followed. Also, the theoretical development with software development for the design of Hysucat was started.

So, it was found out that the Hysucat mainfoil was considerably more efficient installed and that the interference effect increased the efficiency of hull and foil, as explained in the image below.

In the Hysucat arrangement the mainfoil is attached to the vertical tunnel walls and the foil has no tip vortex.

The foil induced downwash mass flow of hulls, and the foil is much larger than the downflow behind a free foil. The larger the induced downwash is, the more efficient the foil-hull combination will be.

This influence allowed the Hysucat to be considerably more efficient than originally expected.

Later we changed the name to Hysucraft (hydrofoil-supported craft) as we also developed foils for multihulls and even monohulls.

The fundamental design concept for Hysucraft was changed from “hydrofoils” in that the foils would only carry a partial load of the craft and relegate the stability reserves to the remaining portion of the hull that was in contact with the water surface.

So, there were no stability problems with our Hysucraft compared to “conventional” hydrofoils, wherein stability was a major problem. Hysucraft have none of the above design and operational constraints typical with hydrofoils. Further, the foils are smaller, lighter, and thinner – and therefore cheaper.

However, I want to mention two systems which give Hysucraft increased efficiency. The first are surface propeller systems with high OPC values. These propellers create strong uplift forces at the transom in the order of the thrust forces.

This has the effect as if the ship would be lighter which needs lower power. This uplift has to be incorporated in the trim calculations or it requires a certain LCG shift or foil shift.

The other propulsion system is a Servogear adjustable pitch propeller system which has a considerable higher OPC in the lower speed range as the pitch can be reduced for maximum propeller efficiency. This allows it to overcome the hump resistance at Froude number around 0.8 to 1.2 which is especially high when the Hysucraft is heavily loaded.

For extreme high speeds the propeller pitch is increased to deliver very high OPC values. Servogear systems also come with propeller half tunnels that create a significant uplift force, which in turn reduces apparent ship weight.

Hysucats can also be designed to land on sandy beaches and are easily transported on flatbed trailers.

Please compare now the typical hydrofoils with our Hysucraft in the below image, which shows the first 5.6-metre Hysucraft on the water as a manned half-sized sea model.

You can hardly see the small mainfoil amidships and the twin rearfoils for trim stabilisation near the transom. This little boat performed exceptionally well even in extremely rough seas.

We gained the Shell design award for it, a first for Stellenbosch University at the time.

The BMI-Hysucat was tested for a whole year in the sea around the cape and many experts and vessel crews from the navy and private shipping companies were invited. They checked out the Hysucat’s performance even in wave conditions that no deep-V-hull vessel owners would dare to run with speed. This was in the 1980s.

Many Hysucats were designed after this in South Africa first and soon after in Germany, Thailand, Australia, the USA, the UK, New Zealand, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Hong Kong among others. Including Hysucraft designs that are not our own, there must be several thousands of them on the water worldwide right now!

Ship evaluation method

During the Hysucraft development a tool was required to enable comparison of the ship’s efficiency with those of other craft. We already used a method to compare the quality of a foil wing with a planing craft by use of the aeronautical term lift/drag ratio.

In ship building the inverse is used to compare hull qualities, called the Resistance/Displacement ratio ε with R and D in Newtons it gives a dimensionless ratio.

The ship weight is usually given in t = 1000 kg but as a force has to be in newtons: D [N] = D [t] * g [m/s²] with g being acceleration of earth, 9.81 [m/s²].  In Fig. 19 the Resistance over Displacement Ratio ε is shown and tendency curves of various types of ships indicated, including hydrofoils and Hysucraft which give best efficiency for fast craft.

However, to compare the whole ship’s or boat’s quality their propulsion power Pb [kW] has to be compared.

Pb is in the horizontal direction, whereas D is in a vertical direction and the basic Power:

Pbasic is D [N] * Vs [m/s] = Pbasic [kw]

A dimensionless ratio is achieved by the ratio of:

Pb / Pbasic = Pb / (D [N] * Vs [m/s]) = EPS which  is the equivalent to R/D ratio but by comparison of Powers.

The EPS turned out to be the inversed of the well known Transport Efficiency.

We determined the EPS ratios of many different ship and boat types and collected them and plotted them over the dimensionless ship speed, (the Froude Displacement number) in the second chart below, which also shows tendency curves of typical ship types.  This gives a good idea how ships compare and for which speeds they are best suited.

We developed the hydrodynamic performance ratio (HPR) by dividing the Froude number by the EPS value, which is called HPR. The HPR indicates a ship’s quality by a single number.  The largest number indicates a most efficient craft. The most efficient ships hardly reach a HPR of 30, which would be the most efficient craft seen.

The best hydrofoils reach about 22, USS Tucumcari about 18.3, some hovercraft about 26.3, SES Corsair about 22.54, the demonstrator craft Thunder Child II with 26.176 at top speed and 24.117 at 45 knots cruising speed, and the Alpha Yacht with 28.765 to name a few examples.

The above evaluation method gives every boat owner a tool to find out how well their ship compares to others.

Hydrofoils’ HPR data are somewhat disappointing as these might have been adversely influenced by the low OPC data of the propulsion system and by the often-used V-foils. It might have even impeded worldwide hydrofoil craft development. We thus see hydrofoils still used in certain countries but hardly any new developments in recent years.

More recently a Hysucraft hydrofoil system was designed for the 23-metre trimaran Thunder Child II of Safehaven Marine in Cork, Ireland in collaboration with Frank Kowalski.The foils improved Thunder Child II ‘s performance by nearly 35 per cent.

The World Speed Record Run for boats of 15 metres length or more was then established on August 9, 2020 on the Cork-Fastnet Rock-Cork route with average speed of 45 knots and 53 knots top speed. We are proud of this considerable result together with Frank Kowalski.

I hope that my contributions to the IHS project are well understood and that it dispells the notion of hydrofoils becoming obsolete. Hydrofoils will continue to be developed, maybe just in minor deviations from the traditional hydrofoil designs as the enormous lift-drag ratio of hulls with foils cannot be ignored in marine technology overall.

Already sailing boats are revolutionised by foil assistance and many smaller boats, especially those with electric propulsion systems, are showing improved performance.

I hope that the IHS will continue their valuable efforts and present the technological development of hydrofoil wings to improve popular understanding.

More great content as part of this month’s Hydrofoil Week right here.

Related Posts

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Hysucat will be @, psp southampton boat show, southampton, uk, 14-23 september 2012, southampton boat show, grand pavois de la rochelle, la rochelle, france, 19-24 september 2012, grand pavois, useful links.

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Malan Conradie - Hysucat Design

Leading international designer of Hydrofoil Supported Catamaran' since 1996. All design and developments having been done in collaboration with Professor G. Hoppe and the University of Stellenbosch.

The hull and hydrofoil designs are designed and tested in the towing tank facilities at Stellenbosch University and often actual sea trails are carried out in offshore racing events to establish the final hull design. All design and technical work including the exterior and interior designs are completed inhouse.

We also handle the project management for the construction and mould process, while Prof. Gunter Hoppe is responsible for the hydrofoil design.

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Fast VS. slow: Winning the race with Bering Yachts & Bering Marine

An ancient Greek storyteller Aesop wrote a fable titled “The Tortoise and the Hare” in the 6th century BCE. The tale’s takeaway advises that slow, steady progress wins the race over short bursts of speed.

Boats can be tortoises. They can also be hares. It does not, however, have to be an either/or situation.

Bering Yachts has written its own version of Aesop’s fable. In our story, it is the combination of slow, steady progress combined with bursts of speed that wins the race. The race we refer to is your personal race. It is the race you have with yourself and your schedule. Not focused on speed, but your own itinerary, using resources of speed, fuel, and time wisely for your ultimate satisfaction.

Did you know that a slower yacht may actually get you to your destination faster and in greater comfort, with more memorable stops on your itinerary than a faster yacht? The secret lies in a combination of strength and speed: a Bering steel hull yacht is equipped with a Bering Marine hydrofoil-supported catamaran. The strength of steel. The speed of hydrofoils and air tunnels on a catamaran. Consider the details.

Durability and Safety are Interlinked

On a lightweight, 70/100-foot fiberglass cruising yacht, it is common to see spec sheets boasting speeds of 20, 30, or even 40 knots. Admittedly impressive, other considerations may give thoughtful captains pause. What damage might be inflicted to a GRP yacht hitting a shipping container, an oil drum, a coral reef, or other debris at that speed? Not a pleasant thought. Know that the sturdy steel hull of a Bering yacht is a proven survivor should it meet with such challenges, enabling you to maintain your itinerary while protecting precious cargo on board.

Passenger Comfort Matters

How comfortable is the passenger ride in a GRP yacht at high speeds? Is it a smooth ride or one that rocks and rolls with waves and swells, tossing things about even with active stabilizers? Can passengers sit and enjoy a meal or a cocktail on an outdoor deck without a sea shower? More importantly, can they hold a conversation above the noise created by the engines and the superstructure’s vibration?

On our Bering luxury explorer yachts, the ride is pleasantly smooth due to the hull’s weight and its design. Full displacement yachts like Bering are highly comfortable for sleeping, dining, or relaxing. Passenger comfort is essential, and at Bering Yachts, we keep this in mind with every yacht we create. Our vessels are also remarkably quiet in comparison, with a hushed 50 dB noise level allowing civilized conversation on any outdoor deck underway. That is comparable to the sound of moderate rainfall. Looking for a comfortable yacht with a smooth ride? Look no further than Bering Yachts.

Range May Prove an Issue

At higher speeds, what kind of range can lightweight yachts achieve? What puts Bering Yachts apart from the competition is the second-to-none yacht fuel economy our comfort yachts offer. Sporting smaller tanks that consume fuel at astonishing rates is not an appealing feature for crossing oceans or heading out to remote locations. Even if you are hopping along the coast, time spent securing and stopping for refueling could be a concern.

Most of our steel-hulled yachts have an extraordinary range (3000-9000 nautical miles) and substantial fuel storage.

Interior Volume

Popular yacht profiles with sweeping, low-volume interior space designs on faster yachts often present a chic line that looks gorgeous from the outside, but interiors often tell another story. Low ceiling heights, odd angles, and tight spaces are not comfortably livable over the days of a long journey.

High volume spaces onboard our Bering luxury explorer yachts allow installation of normal, home-sized appliances, real storage space, and high ceiling clearances of 7’2”. That translates to a home-away-from-home feel onboard, with room to breathe and enjoy your voyage.

… But I’m in a Hurry and Need a Faster Yacht

Yes, the higher speeds do seem attractive but consider that high-speed GRP yachts typically run only during daylight hours. Additionally, after several hours onboard a fast vessel, most passengers welcome the opportunity to take a break from a noisier, bumpier, less spacious environment.

Consider the 12-knot cruising speed of one of the Bering. This sturdy, steel-hulled yacht can run at that speed all day, every day, slowly and steadily making way along your itinerary. That equals 288 nautical miles per day, over 2,000 miles per week, on a smooth, comfortable, spacious, quiet yacht. That is incredibly fast for a luxury yacht.

When your need for speed surfaces and you want to go day-tripping onshore to various locations or just speed on ahead to a destination, we have a fix for that.

IS 40 KNOTS FAST ENOUGH? HOW ABOUT 50? ENTER THE BERING MARINE

An incredibly versatile RIB tender, the Hydrofoil supported catamarans is fast, smooth, quiet, and comfortable.  Bering Marine  offers a fast, inflatable boat. Rising up on hydrofoils, this fabulous craft keeps passengers dry while smoothing waves and chop. Bering Marine ’s usage of Hydrofoils is what makes the vessels so unique. It can handle 6-foot seas at 40 knots, sips fuel at four nautical miles to the gallon, and can cover 5-6 times the distance of a fast yacht in short order. You can skip in and out of ports, around islands, or just let off steam with the throttle full out, taking in much more than a fast yacht allows. Travel fast on a slow boat with hydrofoil supported catamarans  from Bering Marine  

The advantages of this combination make it a smart, efficient choice over a fast, primary yacht. Discover the true luxury of ocean travel, enjoying the best of both the fast and the slow, winning your own race to experience more in less time, in greater luxury. Where will your race take you?

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Hydrofoil Supported Catamarans

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Designers of innovative and functional, high performance commercial, offshore and patrol vessels, Teknicraft Design have satisfied clients right across Africa, the Middle-East, the Americas, the Pacific and Europe.

Their acclaimed hull technology is an advanced semi-planing type catamaran with a special combination of multi-stepped, symmetrical and asymmetrical sponson shapes that combine the very best attributes of both shapes in one unique and outstanding hull.

The symmetrical bow-section ensures directional stability in short swell conditions and following seas while the asymmetrical midships and aft sections ensure softness of ride and reduced wetted area which improves performance, economy and comfort.

The hull has a high tunnel ceiling and large opening between the sponsons which keeps slamming to a minimum for increased economy and passenger comfort while carefully designed steps on the inside of the tunnel walls deflect green water away from the hull.

PERFORMANCE: SPEED AND FUEL ECONOMY

The critically placed longitudinal chines inside the tunnel and asymmetric chines on the outside further reduce the resistance of the hull. The vertical inside edge of each sponson minimizes wave interference between them, further reducing drag. The combined effect is a hull with low resistance, low vertical accelerations and excellent performance.

Another special feature of the Teknicraft hull design is that the vessel banks inwards on turning, similar to a monohull, increasing high speed turning performance, safety and passenger comfort.

Hull performance is even further boosted through advanced use of Teknicraft’s adjustable hydrofoil technology; a combination of specialised underwater wings and interceptors significantly reduce hull resistance, increasing speed and load-bearing capability of the craft. The hydrofoil is fixed above the keels of the sponsons and is therefore no more vulnerable to damage than the hull itself.

This advanced design feature further reduces hull resistance which requires less power and so less fuel to reach service speed…while higher service speeds can be achieved without sacrificing fuel economy.

An outstanding quality of the Teknicraft hull is its ability to maintain high speed in rough water conditions making it particularly well suited for naval, crew transfer, survey and ferry duties when the all-weather performance of the craft and comfort of passengers is a business-critical factor.

An outstanding feature of this hull-form is its soft riding characteristic with reduced vertical acceleration forces. The combination of advanced hull shape, specially designed chines and foil technologies produce its characteristic soft ride, with the resulting mixture of spray and air creating a high-density cushion inside the tunnel further dampening and smoothing motions each time the hull moves through a trough of a wave.

Since vertical accelerations on this type of hull is lower than most other types of craft, the Teknicraft hull can maintain service speeds in relatively rough conditions without compromising the comfort of its passengers.

Teknicraft advanced hull designs are exclusively combined with our advanced propulsion and stabiliser technologies to give Missionkraft vessels the highest levels of lifetime performance, comfort and cost effectiveness.

Please  Contact us  for information or to discuss your requirements.

Missionkraft are proud partners of Teknicraft Design. Teknicraft and the Teknikraft Design logo are trademarks of Teknicraft Design Limited and vessels illustrated throughout this site have been manufactured with pride by leading shipbuilders including Q-West, Nico, All American Marine and Veecrraft to Teknicraft designs.