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1.63 million 'excess deaths' among Black Americans compared to white Americans in last 20 years: Study

"Excess deaths" estimates how many people died above and beyond the expected.

A new study from the medical journal JAMA Network estimates there were 1.63 million excess deaths among Black Americans between 1999 and 2020. "Excess deaths" is an estimate of how many people died above and beyond what is expected, according to the study.

Put another way: An estimated 1.63 million more Black Americans died compared to what would have happened if Black people experienced the same death rate as white Americans in that same time period, the study revealed. Additionally, an estimated 997,673 excess deaths occurred among Black males and 628,464 excess deaths occurred among Black females.

According to the study, among a multitude of causes of death in this minority group, heart disease in both sexes and cancer rates in males were major contributing factors. These findings suggest that prior efforts made to eliminate disparities in death rates have not been successful.

MORE: Cancer death rates down but racial disparities persist among Black men and women

The study also noted that infants and middle-aged adults had the largest excess years of potential lives lost. The years of potential life lost among Black males was 47 million, and 35 million in Black females.

There seemed to be substantial progress from 1999 to early 2010s, but “despite initial progress during the early 2000s, [the study] found persistent excess mortality rates among non-Hispanic Black adults,” César Caraballo , a postdoctoral associate at CORE and lead author of the study, said in prepared remarks.

Despite progress narrowing health disparities in the early 2000s, progress later stalled — and was especially exacerbated by the pandemic, consistent with fears of the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affecting the Black population more than the non-Hispanic white population, according to the study. Early in the pandemic, the death rate abruptly increased and exceeded previous years. In 2020, the number of excess deaths among both Black men and Black women was higher than in previous years, the study showed.

MORE: For Black women, most pregnancy-related deaths happen weeks or months after childbirth

“The abrupt worsening of these disparities in the first year of the pandemic indicates that current efforts to eliminate mortality disparities have been minimally effective and that progress has been fragile," Caraballo said.

Researchers said both pandemic-specific factors (higher infection exposure, financial instability, food insecurity and financial distress) and social factors (structural racism, systemic bias, barriers to healthcare, higher prevalence of multiple chronic conditions and worse average health status) contributed to the vulnerability in the Black population.

Medical experts say that analyzing the excess death rate should raise awareness of the unfair health burden of Black Americans and spur new policies specifically designed to ease this glaring disparity.

Ifesinachi Nnaji, MD, is a resident physician in family medicine at Stony Brook Southampton Hospital and a member of the ABC News Medical Unit.

Killer whale gang sinks another yacht off Gibraltar coast amid fears of summer of attacks

There’s growing concerns around an increase in orca ‘gang attacks’ on yachts and boats — with a recent vessel sinking baffling experts.

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A pod of rogue killer whales have sunk yet another yacht in the Strait of Gibraltar – the fourth such incident in the past year.

The orcas relentlessly pommeled the 15-metre Alboran Cognac with two people on-board.

The ambush likely came from a notorious pod of whales led by an orca dubbed White Gladis which is thought to have been attacking seafarers for at least three years.

Passengers on-board the vessel said they felt sudden blows to the hull before it started sinking in the Moroccan waters.

They were rescued by a nearby oil tanker which dropped them to Gibraltar after receiving emergency alerts.

The yacht was left abandoned before it sank completely.

Orca attacks on boats travelling through the Strait of Gibraltar – also known as Orca Alley – were first reported in 2020.

These ambushes, which range from orcas simply approaching boats to actively interfering with them, have repeatedly occurred in the stretch of water between Spain and Morocco.

Authorities noticed a steady uptick in incidents and restricted boats from sailing from the tip of Spain due to a staggering 29 reported orca attacks in four months.

The Atlantic Orca Working Group has reported a 298 per cent rise in orca-boat interactions from 2020 to 2023, Forbes reports.

They are said to be led by White Gladis who experts fear could possibly be teaching other whales how to attack and sink boats passing through the channel.

One attack took place in November last year when a killer whale gang furiously attacked and sunk a boat near a Moroccan port.

The Polish company that was operating the boat said all attempts to rescue the yacht failed before it sunk.

The operator said the crew were “safe, unharmed, and sound” following the bizarre incident.

They said in a statement: “Despite attempts to bring the yacht to the port by the captain, crew and rescuers from the SAR (Search and Rescue), port tugs and the Moroccan Navy, the unit sunk near the entrance to the port of Tanger Med.”

Another incident took place in August when a boat full of panicked tourists was attacked by a pod of killer whales.

Footage showed the horrified holiday-makers surrounded by several orcas just off the coast of Sesimbra, Portugal.

Last year, Brit couple Janet Morris, 58, and Stephen Bidwell, 58, from Cambridge, were involved in a whale attack that lasted for an hour.

On May 2, around six orcas reportedly rammed the hull of the Bavaria 46 cruiser yacht they were travelling on, on the Strait of Gibraltar.

Janet and Stephen were stunned when they were alerted with the cry of “orcas!”

Stephen told The Telegraph : “It was an experience I will never forget.

“I kept reminding myself we had a 22-ton boat made of steel, but seeing three of them coming at once, quickly and at pace with their fins out of the water was daunting.”

Janet added: “We were sitting ducks.”

“A clearly larger matriarch was definitely around and was almost supervising,” Stephen added, furthering speculation that it was White Gladis.

The captain of the boat, Greg Blackburn, from Leeds, dropped the mainsail to make the vessel feel “as boring as possible”.

The group of whales and their gang leader eventually lost interest – after causing thousands of pounds worth of damage.

Why are orcas attacking boats

While researchers are unsure exactly why killer whales have been attacking boats in the strait, many theories have been put forward. Some experts suggest it could be a playful manifestation of the animals’ curiosity.

But others fear a “critical moment of agony” such as a collision may have sparked aggression towards boats. Alfredo López Fernandez, a biologist at the University of Aveiro in Portugal, told LiveScience: “That traumatised orca is the one that started this behaviour of physical contact with the boat.”

Some even speculate White Gladis may now be spurring fellow killer whales on.

Orcas are the largest members of the oceanic dolphin family.

Although they never attack humans, the apex predators can take down large groups of whales, hence the name killer.

More Coverage

What makes them a unique marine mammal is that they often hunt in lethal pods and family groups of up to 40 individuals – and feast on fish, dolphins, seal lions, seals, sharks and stingrays.

The carnivores can grow up to 9.7 metres long and weigh up to six tons – and are immediately recognisable by their distinctive black-and-white colouring.

This article originally appeared on The Sun and has been republished with permission

Just days after a male tourist was shamed for wearing next to nothing while walking down a street in Mallorca, another scene has caused as much fury.

Airport workers have made a “shocking” discovery in tourist’s stomach following a routine inspection.

Australia has increased its travel warning and a state of emergency has been declared for an island hotspot after four people were killed in riots, with Foreign Minister Penny Wong calling for calm.

‘Where’s Ronald Greene’s justice?’: 5…

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2024 maryland primary: live returns from baltimore, congressional races, school boards, news national news, ‘where’s ronald greene’s justice’: 5 years on, feds still silent on black motorist’s deadly arrest.

FILE – In this photo provided by Alana Wilson, Mona Hardin looks over the body of her son, Ronald Greene in Rayville, La., on May 13, 2019. Hardin has been waiting five long years for any resolution to the federal investigation into her son’s deadly arrest by Louisiana State Police troopers, an anguish only compounded by the fact that nearly every other major civil rights case during that time has passed her by. (Alana Wilson via AP, File)

FILE – In this image from the body camera of Louisiana State Police Trooper Dakota DeMoss, his colleagues, Kory York, center left, and Chris Hollingsworth, center right, hold up Ronald Greene before paramedics arrived on May 10, 2019, outside of Monroe, La. An autopsy ordered by the FBI listed “prone restraint” among the other contributing factors in Greene’s violent death, including neck compression, physical struggle and cocaine use. (Louisiana State Police via AP, File)

FILE – This undated photo provided by his family in September 2020 shows Ronald Greene, who died in May 2019. Half a decade after Greene’s violent death after an arrest by Louisiana State Police troopers, the federal investigation remains open and unresolved with no end in sight. (Family photo via AP, File)

FILE – In this image from video, former Minneapolis police Officer Derek Chauvin, center, is taken into custody as his attorney, Eric Nelson, left, looks on, after the verdicts were read at Chauvin’s trial for the 2020 death of George Floyd, Tuesday, April 20, 2021, at the Hennepin County Courthouse in Minneapolis, Minn. (Court TV via AP, Pool, File)

FILE – In this Thursday, July 22, 2021, file photo, Jonte “Jonoel” Lancaster plays a trombone during a celebration for the refurbished George Floyd statue, after it was vandalized following its Juneteenth installation, in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn borough of New York. (AP Photo/Bebeto Matthews, File)

FILE – Demonstrators carry an image of Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old Black woman who was fatally shot by police in her Louisville, Ky., apartment, as people march to honor the 60th Anniversary of the March on Washington, Saturday, Aug. 26, 2023, in Washington. (AP Photo/Jacquelyn Martin, File)

FILE – President Joe Biden hugs Tamika Palmer, mother of Breonna Taylor, as Rev. Al Sharpton watches after Biden signed an executive order in the East Room of the White House, Wednesday, May 25, 2022, in Washington. The order comes on the second anniversary of George Floyd’s death, and is focused on policing. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon, File)

FILE – A crowd gathers to remember Tyre Nicholas during a candlelight vigil on the anniversary of his death Sunday, Jan. 7, 2024, in Memphis, Tenn. Nichols lost his life following a violent beating by five Memphis Police officers in January 2023. (AP Photo/Karen Pulfer Focht, File)

FILE – The image from video released on Jan. 27, 2023, by the City of Memphis, shows Tyre Nichols leaning against a car after a brutal attack by five Memphis police officers on Jan. 7, 2023, in Memphis, Tenn. Nichols died on Jan. 10. Five officers have since been fired and charged with second-degree murder and other offenses. (City of Memphis via AP, File)

FILE – Civil rights activist Porchse Miller of Atlanta shouts into a megaphone in front of a mural of Ahmaud Arbery during march that followed the Wall of Prayer event outside the Glynn County Courthouse, Thursday, Nov. 18, 2021, in Brunswick, Ga. Three white men were later convicted of murder and federal hate crimes. (AP Photo/Stephen B. Morton, File)

FILE – A crowd gathers under a new sign designating a city roadway as Honorary Ahmaud Arbery Street on Tuesday, Aug. 9, 2022, in Brunswick, Ga. City officials approved the honor for Arbery, a 25-year-old Black man who was fatally shot in February 2020 after being chased by three white men in pickup trucks who spotted him running in their neighborhood. All three men were later convicted of murder and federal hate crimes. (AP Photo/Russ Bynum, File)

FILE – Activists march towards the Rankin County Sheriff’s Office in Brandon, Miss., Wednesday, July 5, 2023, calling for the termination and prosecution of Rankin County Sheriff Bryan Bailey for running a law enforcement department that allegedly terrorizes and brutalizes minorities. Six white former law enforcement officers in Mississippi have pleaded guilty to a racist assault on Michael Corey Jenkins and his friend Eddie Terrell Parker, who are Black. (AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis, File)

FILE – The families of Michael Corey Jenkins and Damien Cameron sit together prior to interacting with U.S. Assistant Attorney General Kristen Clarke of the Justice Department’s Civil Rights Division, unseen, during the Jackson, Miss., stop on the division’s civil rights tour, June 1, 2023. Six former Mississippi law officers, including some who call themselves the “Goon Squad,” will plead guilty to state charges, Aug. 14, for their racist assault on the two Black men that ended with an officer shooting one man in the mouth. (AP Photo/Rogelio V. Solis, File)

FILE – Family members of Ronald Greene listen to speakers as demonstrators gather for the March on Washington, in Washington, on the 57th anniversary of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have A Dream” speech on Aug. 28, 2020. Half a decade after Greene’s violent death after an arrest by Louisiana State Police troopers, the federal investigation remains open and unresolved with no end in sight. (Michael M. Santiago/Pool via AP)

FILE – Mona Hardin recounts the events surrounding the death of her son, Ronald Greene, as she holds a painting of him in Orlando, Fla., on Saturday, Dec. 4, 2021. Hardin has been waiting five long years for any resolution to the federal investigation into her son’s deadly arrest by Louisiana State Police troopers, an anguish only compounded by the fact that nearly every other major civil rights case during that time has passed her by. (AP Photo/Phelan M. Ebenhack, File)

FARMERVILLE, La. (AP) — Mona Hardin has been waiting five long years for any resolution to the federal investigation into her son’s deadly arrest by Louisiana State Police troopers, an anguish only compounded by the fact that nearly every other major civil rights case during that time has passed her by.

It took just months for Tyre Nichols ’ beating death last year to result in federal charges against five Memphis police officers. A half-dozen white lawmen in Mississippi have been federally sentenced in last year’s torture of two Black suspects. And federal prosecutors long ago brought swift charges in the slayings of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Ahmaud Arbery in Georgia and Breonna Taylor in Kentucky.

Every one of those cases happened months or years after the death of Ronald Greene in northern Louisiana on May 10, 2019, which sparked national outrage after The Associated Press published long-suppressed body-camera video showing white troopers converging on the Black motorist before stunning, beating and dragging him as he wailed, “I’m scared!”

Yet half a decade after Greene’s violent death, the federal investigation remains open and unresolved with no end in sight. And Hardin says she feels ghosted and forgotten by a Justice Department that no longer even returns her calls.

“Where’s Ronald Greene’s justice?” asked Hardin, who refuses to bury her son’s cremated remains until she gets some measure of accountability. “I still have my boy in that urn, and that hurts me more than anything. We haven’t grieved the loss of Ronnie because we’ve been in battle.”

Justice Department spokesperson Aryele Bradford said the investigation remains ongoing and declined to provide further details.

Under federal law, no statute of limitations applies to potential civil rights charges in the case because Greene’s arrest was fatal. But prosecutors have wavered for years on whether to bring an indictment, having all but assured Greene’s family initially that an exhaustive FBI investigation would produce charges of some kind.

A federal prosecution seemed so imminent in 2022 that one state police supervisor told AP he expected to be indicted. The FBI had shifted its focus in those days from the troopers who left Greene handcuffed and facedown for more than nine minutes to state police brass suspected of obstructing justice by suppressing video evidence, quashing a detective’s recommendation to arrest a trooper and pressuring a state prosecutor.

All the while, federal prosecutors asked local District Attorney John Belton to hold off on bringing state charges until the federal investigation was complete. They later reversed course, and in late 2022 a state grand jury indicted five officers on counts ranging from negligent homicide to malfeasance. Charges remain against only two, with a trial scheduled for later this year for a senior trooper seen on video dragging Greene facedown by his ankle shackles.

State police initially blamed the 49-year-old’s death north of Monroe on a crash following a high-speed chase over a traffic violation. But that explanation was called into question by photos of Greene’s body on a gurney showing his bruised and battered face, a hospital report noting he had two stun gun prongs in his back and the fact that his SUV had only minor damage. Even the emergency room doctor questioned the troopers’ initial account of a crash, writing in his notes: “Does not add up.”

All that changed two years later when AP published graphic body-camera video of Greene’s final moments, showing him being swarmed by troopers even as he appeared to raise his hands, plead for mercy and wail, “I’m your brother! I’m scared! I’m scared!” Troopers repeatedly jolted Greene with stun guns before he could even get out of the car, with one of them wrestling him to the ground, putting him in a chokehold and punching him in the face, Another called him a “stupid motherf——.” They then ordered a shackled Greene to remain facedown on the ground, even as he struggled to prop himself up on his side.

A reexamined autopsy ordered by the FBI ultimately debunked the crash narrative and listed “prone restraint” among other contributing factors in Greene’s death, including neck compression, physical struggle and cocaine use.

Greene’s family members weren’t the only ones baffled by the pace of the federal inquiry. Then-Gov. John Bel Edwards expressed private frustration with the lack of answers in a closed-door meeting with state lawmakers, saying he believed from the first time he saw the video, in late 2020, that Greene’s treatment was criminal and racist .

“Are they ever going to come out and have a charge?” the Democratic governor asked amid reporting by AP that he had been notified within hours of Greene’s death that troopers engaged in a “violent, lengthy struggle.”

“This was a cover-up of the highest order,” Michael McClanahan, president of the NAACP’s Louisiana state conference, told sign-toting demonstrators Friday outside the Union Parish Courthouse in Farmerville.

“Why call the police when they’re the very ones that might kill you?” McClanahan said. “It was Ronald Greene then but it’s been a whole lot since Ronald Greene. Enough is enough.”

Perhaps the most significant hurdle to federal charges was the untimely death of Chris Hollingsworth , the trooper who was seen on the video repeatedly bashing Greene in the head with a flashlight and was later recorded by his own body camera calling a fellow officer and saying, “I beat the ever-living f— out of him.” Hollingsworth died in a high-speed, single-vehicle crash in 2020 hours after he was told he would be fired over his actions in Greene’s death.

Another major sticking point has been whether prosecutors could prove the troopers acted “willfully” in abusing Greene — a key component of civil rights charges that has complicated such prosecutions around the country. The FBI even enhanced the video of the arrest in an ultimately inconclusive attempt to determine whether he had been pepper-sprayed after he was in custody, focusing on an exchange in which a deputy jeeringly said, “S— hurts, doesn’t it?”

The Justice Department has also been conducting a sweeping investigation into use of force by the Louisiana State Police and whether it engages in “ racially discriminatory policing .” The department began that “pattern-or-practice” inquiry nearly two years ago following an AP investigation that found Greene’s arrest was among at least a dozen cases in which troopers or their bosses ignored or concealed evidence of beatings, deflected blame and impeded efforts to root out misconduct.

Also still pending is the federal wrongful death lawsuit Greene’s family filed four years ago seeking damages from the officers, who have denied wrongdoing. The civil case has been put on hold as the criminal proceedings play out.

Hardin said it’s long past time for the state of Louisiana to make amends.

“It started with a lie — we were told Ronnie was killed in a car crash,” she said. “That was wrong, and it has to be addressed. I will go to my grave knowing I did everything I could to get justice for Ronnie.”

Contact AP’s global investigative team at [email protected] or https://www.ap.org/tips/

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